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PITY THE POOR BUTTYMAN: The Butty System in the Forest of Dean 1820 -1938.

INTRODUCTION

Recent years have seen the growth of subcontracting, piecework, self-employment, day work, zero-hour contracts, umbrella companies, minimum wages, and the use of agencies in a range of British workplaces. The driving force behind these apparent innovations is an attempt by companies to reduce labour costs and increase productivity.

This is not new. The sub-contract or butty system of working existed in the British coal mining industry from the early nineteenth century onwards until its demise in the mid-twentieth century. In the Forest of Dean, the butty system operated in most of the deep mines from the early nineteenth century onwards until it was finally abolished at Eastern United colliery in 1938.

The butty system in the Forest of Dean up to 1888 has been discussed in detail by Chris Fisher in his book, Custom, Work and Market Capitalism, The Forest of Dean Colliers, 1788-1888, and his article “The Little Buttymen in the Forest of Dean”, International Review of Social History, 25 (1980). Fisher discusses the impact of the butty system on workforce cohesion and solidarity, and how it increased the rate of exploitation of the workforce to the benefit of employers. This account of the butty system in the mining industry in the Forest of Dean will build on Fisher’s research by extending the period up to 1938.

Chapter One examines the concept of the independent collier, the contract or butty system,  the various types of contract systems employed in the British coalfield and the role of the contract teams that worked on the coal face. 

Chapter Two provides a summary of Fisher’s research covering the period in the 1870s and 1880s when Timothy Mountjoy and Edward Rymer were agents for the Forest of Dean Miners’ Association (FDMA), which was the trade union representing the Forest of Dean miners.

Chapter Three outlines the role of George Rowlinson, who was the FDMA agent from 1888 to 1918.

Chapter Four discusses the butty system in the Forest of Dean coalfield in the twentieth century and provides more detail on how the system worked. The discussion will be illustrated by oral history statements in Forest dialect from a cross-section of Forest miners to reflect a range of views on the topic, which reveal common features but also highlight complexity and contradictions.

Chapter Five considers the role of Herbert Booth, who was the full-time agent for the FDMA from 1918 to 1922. Booth’s experiences in his native Nottinghamshire coalfield will be contrasted with those of the Forest.

Finally, chapter six outlines the role of John Williams, the FDMA agent from 1922 to 1953 and the events surrounding the demise of the butty system at Eastern United in 1938.

CHAPTER ONE

THE INDEPENDENT COLLIER

One of the consequences of investment by mining companies in deep mining in the nineteenth century was a significant increase in the number of miners. However, until 1978, there was a common perception among many historians that miners had become wage labourers or ‘archetypical proletarians’. By this, they meant miners had turned into a uniform class of industrial wage earners with identical interests and status who, possessing neither capital nor production means, earned their living by selling their labour with little or no control over the day-to-day conditions of work.

Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, contrasts the `independent workman’ with ‘the collier’. The former is represented by the figure of the weaver or the shoemaker, who may still have a property in loom, linen or leather. The latter owns nothing but his ability to work, an ability which is seen as being perfectly indistinguishable from that of the ‘common labourer’. If the collier is more highly paid, it is not because he has any skill but is entirely due to the greater hardship, dangerous and difficult conditions and inconstancy of employment which characterise his work.[1]

Miners were perceived as living in occupationally homogeneous communities, sharing common work experiences and pursuing a common interest. As a result, miners were believed to have developed strong solidarity in their conflicts with their employers, who struggled to come up with strategies to undermine their demands for improved working conditions.

In 1978, Royden Harrison, Chris Fisher, and others from mining backgrounds challenged this view in their classic study of the nineteenth-century collier in their book The Independent Collier, The Coal Miner as an Archetypal Proletariat Reconsidered in which they explore, amongst other things, the butty or contract system of working in British coalfields in the nineteenth century and the role of miners as skilled artisans and small working masters.[2] 

Hewers

In most districts in the British coal industry in the nineteenth and early twentieth there were large differentials between the various grades of workers employed in the collieries. The more experienced colliers or hewers who worked at the coal face extracting coal were highly skilled and were paid considerably more than most of the other workers in the mine. 

A hewer or collier is a person who extracts coal from the coal face. Up to the early to mid-twentieth century, this was done by hand using a pickaxe and other hand tools. The normal procedure for hewers was to cut a slot in the base of the coal seam so that coal would drop, or be coerced into dropping down under gravity. The roof immediately above the coal was also liable to fall and so hewers, being in the vicinity of this activity, were sometimes killed by accidental falls of coal or stone.

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Forest of Dean, the hewing teams were led by buttymen who were paid by the ton of coal sent to the surface under a contract arranged with the colliery management. The buttyman employed men and boys who made up his team, called daymen, and he paid them a wage based on the days they worked. When demand for coal was up and prices were high and the conditions at the coal face were good, the buttymen’s earnings were usually much higher than the daymen’s.

Boys were often employed as hodders, who moved coal from the coal face to the roads and trammers who filled the drams with coal, which were then transported to the shaft to be taken to the surface. A dram is an underground truck used for transporting coal.

The buttyman was allocated a ‘stall’ or section of the seam by the colliery manager. The stall was a rectangular area of coal to be extracted, which the buttyman regarded as his ‘place’. Sometimes this ‘place’ was shared with one or two partners or butties. The rate the buttyman was paid for each ton of coal extracted was negotiated with the colliery owner locally by the individual buttyman, sometimes with the support of the FDMA. The rate was dependent on the conditions at the face, the width and quality of the seam, systems of working and other factors such as faulting, the condition of the roof or floor, water, etc.[3] Coal extracted by the hewing team was sent to the pit head in marked drams where they were weighed and the tonnage recorded. The buttymen were often also responsible for timbering and opening roadways and were also paid piece rates for such work  under a contract system.[4]  According to Fisher, the nineteenth-century buttyman in the Forest:

had to be something of an entrepreneur within the pit. While the principal source of his earnings was the cutting of coal to be sent out of the pit for sale, there were other jobs to be done. The pit had to be developed, that is, roads had to be driven out through the bulk of the coal so that working places might be turned away, and when the pit worked more than one seam, or where a seam had been broken or displaced by a geological fault, smaller pits or drifts had to be made within the mine. If pillars had been extracted, the space left, the goaf, had to be packed with stone or timber supports; and perhaps stone or timber left in earlier work had to be shifted so as to direct roof pressures away from roadways or working places.

As the coal industry developed and tasks were divided up, the division of labour increased. Consequently, by the 1920s, only about 40 per cent of the total workforce worked on the coal face. While men involved in timbering and creating roadways were also paid peice rates many other tasks in the pits were carried out by men or boys employed directly by the owners. They were paid a day rate and were often referred to as the company men. These included the banksmen, enginemen, blacksmiths, masons, carpenters, pump men, deputies, overmen and surface workers.[5] Also included were men and boys involved with the haulage of coal, maintenance of haulage roads, clearing roof falls, and attending to ventilation.[6]  In some circumstances, such as when the contract rate for a seam had yet to be agreed, the buttymen would work for an agreed day rate. However, in most cases, the employers preferred the piece rate system because it provided an incentive without the need for micro-management.

Contract Teams

The butty system was not unique to the Forest, but there were differences between districts on how the earnings were shared out within the teams working on the contract, depending on local custom and practice. How this was organised varied considerably from district to district, and there was a spectrum of systems, some more egalitarian than others.  Stephanie Tailby has identified three distinctive butty arrangements: [7]

  • The big butty system, whereby colliery owners sublet the working of an entire pit or districts of a pit to a contractor or partnership of contractors.
  • The little butty system, whereby contracting colliers undertook to work a section of the coalface or a seam at piece rates and paid and supervised a small team of men and boys.
  • An arrangement in which a collier or a pair of colliers working on piecework rates employed a day wage assistant, apprentice or boy.

In some districts, such as the Midlands, a single contractor or buttyman might employ many day men working a whole seam and he was viewed by the rest of the miners as very much part of the management hierarchy. This system was imported from the Midlands into the Kent coalfield in the 1920s and survived until the late 1930s.

Staffordshire Buttyman standing over his men. (Credit: www.healeyhero.co.uk/rescue/history/butty.htm)

Barry Johnson’s study of the Nottingham coalfield (Who Dips in the Tin? The Butty System in the Nottinghamshire Coalfield) and Robert Goffee’s study of the Kent coalfield (Incorporation and Conflict: A Case Study of Subcontracting in the Coal Industry) illustrate how the hierarchy and inequalities created by the butty system of working impacted on trade unionism by fragmenting the labour force and undermining solidarity.[8]

However, in some contract systems, the earnings were shared out equally among all the men in the contract. Dave Douglass’ study of the Durham Pitman has revealed how a unique and more democratic form of organisation within the contract system (maras system) in the Durham coalfield created a strong sense of group solidarity and equality within small working groups.[9]  The Durham miners operated a cavilling system where places were allocated afresh by drawing lots every quarter so that the more productive areas were shared equally.[10] 

The puffler system in Yorkshire was similar to the little butty system, but by the 1940s, the system had changed so that the leader of the working group was paid an extra allowance by the colliery company rather than profits.[11]

It was common practice in most districts for colliers to employ boys. In South Wales, a pair of colliers might employ just one boy. It is unlikely that, even in the most equitable systems, the boys were paid as much as the men, and it is possible there were differentials depending on age and experience among the daymen.

CHAPTER TWO

NINETEENTH-CENTURY

Coal and iron ore had been mined in the Forest of Dean for many centuries and as a result, a community of free miners had emerged who claimed certain rights and privileges. Free mining rights were claimed from ‘time immemorial’ by any son of a free miner born in the Forest of Dean who had worked a year and a day in a Forest pit. This allowed any free miner the exclusive right to open a pit anywhere in the statutory Forest of Dean, provided they paid royalties to the Crown, the owner of the land.[12] 

Forest of Dean Iron Miners

The early nineteenth century saw the penetration of, and transformation of, the old free-mining coal industry by capitalists from beyond the borders of the Forest. Men like Edward Protheroe, who made his money from his slave plantations in the Caribbean, invested in deep mining in the Forest of Dean, usually in partnership with a few enterprising and ambitious free miners.

As a result, in the years between 1790 and 1830 the mining industry in the Forest of Dean had passed, in the main, from the hands of a relatively large group of working proprietors of small-scale co-operative free mines into those of a small group of men, mostly outside capitalists, who had the capital to invest in steam engines, deep mining, railroads and iron furnaces.

However, their presence was opposed by most free miners who could not compete with the new deep mines, forcing many into unemployment and poverty. This was one of the main causes of the 1831 riot when the Foresters destroyed the Crown enclosures, which had restricted their customary free mining and grazing rights.[13] It was no coincidence that during the riot, Foresters specifically targeted Protheroe’s property.[14] After the 1831 uprising, the leaders were transported or imprisoned and many were forced to rebuild the enclosures.

Mural by Tom Cousins in the Fountain Inn in Parkend

The government responded by introducing limited free mining rights, set out in the Dean Forest (Mines) Act 1838, which guaranteed that only free miners could be awarded gales.[15] However, their rights were curtailed because the condition that free mining rights could only be claimed by the son of a free miner was removed. Free miners could now sell or lease their pits to whom they liked, and the Act confirmed the right of outsiders, including wealthy capitalists, to buy, own and sell mines.

While a few free miners went into partnership with the capitalists, most of the inhabitants of the Forest were now dependent on the money they earned from wages or as contractors working in the new deep pits owned by the capitalists.[16]

Fisher argues that the significance of this was that property rights were introduced to mines, which displaced the egalitarian community of free miners with their strongly held beliefs in customary rights. The ownership and the use of resources in the Forest had been fundamentally transformed in ways which favoured private property, the exchange of commodities for profit and capital accumulation for a few at the expense of the labouring many.[17] 

Fisher argues that the development of the butty system in the nineteenth century in the Forest had its roots in its tradition of free mining. He argues that the butty system allowed some colliers to retain some independence as small working masters and skilled artisans, while others were reduced to wage labourers.[18]

The Emergence of the Butty System

The capitalists had little knowledge or experience of mining. Protheroe had made his money from slavery, lived in Bristol and had no practical skills.[19] However, by 1832, he held financial interests in thirty-two coal mines in the Forest and was negotiating for others.

As the new owners expanded their pits and the workings grew more extensive, there was a growing demand for skilled hewers to extract the coal. The free miners, with their expertise and deep knowledge of the Forest coalfield, were the only ones equipped to meet this need. Requiring minimal training, they provided the colliery owners with a convenient source of highly skilled labour. These free miners were soon taken on as subcontractors, or buttymen, negotiating agreements with the owners to mine coal at fixed rates per ton.

Many free miners who continued operating their small pits found it increasingly difficult to compete with the larger, more modern enterprises, while working as contractors for the new colliery owners often proved more profitable. Free miners had become accustomed to a degree of independence, and the butty system allowed them to continue to work with a considerable amount of autonomy, hewing coal in small teams. As a result, they could continue to work unsupervised as small working masters, employing local labourers as required. However, the men and boys they employed, some of whom were ex-free miners, were reduced to wage labourers and dependent on the buttymen for work. The old free mining community had become fractured between the buttymen and their employees

The system allowed the buttymen to define the social relations of work and exert high levels of control over the labour process, backed up by a strong commitment to custom and practice. However, it is unclear to what degree the buttymen were reproducing pre-existing social relations. The average number of miners who had been working in a free mine around 1800 was four, usually including a boy.[20] Free miners worked in partnerships, called verns, often made up of family and friends, but may have also employed one or two casual labourers, an arrangement which was often used by the buttymen.

Most buttymen worked on the job, on the face, often with fathers, sons and brothers as daymen or partners. The buttymen supplied their own tools and timber. They had to face many challenges that could lead to loss of earnings, such as opening and clearing up stalls, dealing with broken or displaced seams, coping with water and soft roofs, and the occurrence of stone. These were often referred to as ‘abnormal places’. If no coal was produced, they earned no money but still had to pay their daymen and boys. Sometimes they had to ask the colliery owners for an allowance to cover such circumstances. In addition, they could be subject to victimisation by the owners and be given difficult working conditions.

The contradiction in the butty system for the local community is clear: some Foresters could maintain some form of dignity and respect working as buttymen, but the rest became part of a casual labour force, subject to the whims of the market, the coal owners and the contractors.  This is how Fisher explains the system:

Work in the large pits, from the early 1820s, came to be organised around contract miners, or buttymen. The masters employed some men on day wages, in order to maintain travelling and haulage roads in the pit, but most of those whose pay came directly from the master were contract men. A man and his mate (the butties) undertook to work a stall. That is, they agreed to hew the coal and load it into tubs, for which they received a stipulated rate per ton (the contract). The butties then employed men and boys at a fixed rate per day (the daymen) to help with the work. The butty paid his daymen rates which varied according to his assessment of their value as workmen. That depended in part on their age and experience. The daymen included experienced, adult colliers who worked at the coal face, and boys and youths in various stages of learning the craft, for the “off hand” work of loading, moving materials, cutting and setting timber, and hauling tubs from the face to the main transport roads. The number of daymen in each stall varied according to the needs of the butties, but there were not many of them: perhaps there was a ratio of two butties to four or five daymen.

Free mining continued, but by the mid-nineteenth century, the output of the free mines was small compared to the deep pits, although free mining remained an important part of Forest identity and culture.

In the mid-nineteenth century, about two-thirds of Forest coal went to the house coal trade throughout southwestern England, with the main demand in the winter and one-fifth went to the local iron industry. So, the buttyman’s power to hire and fire according to the demand for coal was important. This meant the daymen needed to have other jobs and often worked on farms in the summer. Therefore, their economic situation was based on both dependency and uncertainty, just like any other casual labour force. However, many of the younger daymen aspired to be a buttyman and treated their apprenticeship with the buttyman as an opportunity to learn the trade.

The owners, on the other hand, took little risk but had a guaranteed profit from the coal produced. They had no employment obligations, with no hiring and firing of labourers and did not need to micro-manage the workforce. Coal mine managers as a professional class did not exist in the nineteenth century.

Truck System

In 1870, a government commission was appointed to discover if the truck system was still operating in the British coalfields, in disregard of the Acts of Parliament prohibiting such a system. In the truck system, employers paid part or all the wages in the form of credit notes, which could then only be exchanged in the employer’s shops or pubs. During the investigation, it became clear that in some cases in the Forest of Dean, butties and mine owners were paying their men using credit notes for shops and pubs, some of which were owned by themselves or family members, and also paying their men in pubs they owned or managed.[21]  In 1886, Thomas Hale, a buttyman who worked in iron mines owned by the Crawshays, wrote in his diary:

When I was a lad working in the coal pits, the butties used to take us to some public house and cause us to spend some of our money that one had worked very hard for.[22]

Fisher characterised the nineteenth-century Forest of Dean contractors as ‘little buttymen’ because he argued that they only employed a small number of men and boys.[23] However, the newspaper reports about the Commission reveal that in some pits the butties at Lightmoor, Trafalgar and Foxes Bridge were employing up to 70 men. This meant that in some cases in the 1870s in the Forest of Dean, the buttymen were in control of whole seams or sections of the mine as they were in Nottingham and Derbyshire. In terms of social relations, there was a significant difference between these contractors and the little buttymen who may only employ one or two labourers. The term butty system must, therefore, be used with considerable caution as its meaning varied from district to district, pit to pit and seam to seam and changed over time.

Examples of the Ratio of Large Buttymen to Daymen in 1870[24]

Buttyman Colliery No of Daymen Proprieter
James Braidnack Foxes Bridge 40 Shop
John Hamlyn Lightmoor 70 Shop and Pub
John Emery Lightmoor 70 Shop and Pub
William Bevan Lightmoor 10 Pub
James Griffiths Duck Pit 10
George Herbert Trafalgar 40

 

Examples of Ratio of Little Buttymen to Daymen in 1874[25]

Buttyman No. of Daymen
William Meek 3 including 2 Meeks
Thomas Phillips 2
Elijah Matthews 2-4 plus 2 boys
Joseph Baldwin 2 plus 2 boys
Samuel Saysell and Jude Williams 5 plus 1 boy
Shellah Russell and Joseph Burrris 4

Trade unionism

The butty system created divisions within the workforce, which impacted the development of trade unionism and its relationship with the colliery owners. The divisions were not only between the buttymen and their daymen but also between the buttymen themselves as they competed for the best workplaces or stalls. This could lead to victimisation or favouritism because some stalls were more difficult to work than others due to water, faults, soft roofs, etc. At the same time, the buttymen were aware that an experienced day man could always step in to take their place during a dispute with the owners.

Since the butty system undermined union organisation, it was opposed by the Miners’ National Union (MNU) led by Alexander Macdonald. In November 1866, the Gloucester Journal reported that:

At Wednesday’s meeting of the Miners Conference now sitting in Nottingham, the butty system came under review and was universally condemned. One of the speakers characterised it as the worst evil under which the miner suffered, and another as the root of most of the miners’ grievances. The views of the Conference on the subject are to be embodied in their petition to parliament.[26] 

William Morgan, a butty, raised the question of divisions among the men at a meeting in Cinderford Town Hall in October 1871. He complained of how the masters might set the men against one another and argued that there is no other way open to us than to have a union and stick together.[27]

Timothy Mountjoy (July 1871-1878)

There were no recognised miners’ trade unions in the Forest of Dean before 1871.  Before this, the buttymen negotiated their contract rates either individually or collectively at each pit. A typical rate paid to the buttymen in 1870 was 1s 6d a ton, with a pit head price for the colliery owners of 10s a ton. The rate varied from pit to pit, seam to seam.  However, there was competition between the buttymen and this could lead to undercutting. There were also many disputes about how the coal was weighed at the pit head and a breakdown in trust between the owners and the buttymen over the tonnage weighed at the pit head.

At this time, most agreements between the buttymen and the colliery owners were based on an informal sliding scale in which a percentage was added or deducted from contract rates as the price of coal went up and down. The sliding scale assumed that there was an identity of interest between capital and labour and wages were subject to the anarchy of the coal market.

An example of an informal agreement could be as follows: If the pit head price of coal is 10s a ton and the negotiated contract rate between butty and master of 1s 6d a ton, then an increase in the price of coal of 1s could give a 5% increase in the contract rate. For instance, a 5% Increase on the contract rate of 1s 6d a ton would give a new rate of about 1s 7d per ton. These agreements were often ad hoc and varied from pit to pit and contract to contract. However, the colliery owners often did not abide by agreements and rarely voluntarily increased wages.

In the early 1870s, the rising price of coal led to a strong demand for labour, which empowered the miners to try and push up the contract rates. The owners refused their demands and so in July 1871, a strike of 800 men and boys at Trafalgar colliery, followed two months later by a strike of 600 men at the Parkend Coal Company, resulted in increased wages.[28]

The strikes were led by buttymen but involved the whole workforce. Six trade union lodges were formed, representing the main large pits and the men organised themselves into the Forest of Dean Miners’ Association (FDMA).[29] They elected a council made up of representatives from each lodge.[30]  They then recruited a popular local miner and preacher, Timothy Mountjoy, as their full-time paid worker.[31] The FDMA then affiliated with the national miners’ union, the Amalgamated Association of Miners (AAM), which had the resources to pay strike pay.[32]

Timothy Mountjoy

The price of coal continued to rise, reaching 20s for the best Forest block coal by the summer of 1873. As a result, the FDMA successfully pushed contract rates up by 40 per cent above those of 1871.[33]

The buttymen gained the right to appoint their own checkweighmen, which was sanctioned by the Mines Act of 1872, to verify the findings of the colliery owner’s weighman on the tonnage of coal produced by each hewing team. The FDMA also insisted that calibrated weighing machines be installed at the pit banks.  Fisher argues that in the nineteenth century:

Elected by the butties and paid by them, the checkweighman was perhaps the only person in the pit who was capable of maintaining independent action, of surviving moments of vindictiveness on the part of the master. The checkweighman, therefore, became the focus of lodge organisation, keeping the books, calling and chairing meetings and leading deputations..

The FDMA also obtained an agreement to reduce winding hours from ten to eight and that wages be paid every two weeks.[34] By 1873, the FDMA had recruited 4,500 members, or about eighty per cent of the total number of colliers in the district. including the buttymen, day men and company men.

However, there was still no guaranteed rate for day men whose pay remained dependent on their level of skill, age, value in the labour market and whim of the buttyman. There was also no guaranteed work as some daymen may only be offered one or two days of work a week, while others could get 5 or 6 days a week. The FDMA Council initially accepted that it was up to the buttyman to determine when and where the day men could work and what wage he paid his men. Sometimes percentage increases were not passed on and daymen could easily be victimised or sacked.[35]

The approximate market wage for a skilled day man in September 1873 was based on the rate for 1871, which was 3s 4d.   However, in most pits, the buttymen were very aware that they had to keep daymen on their side and so, in most cases, increased wages if there was an increase in contract rates. This meant that, by the summer of 1873, most of the skilled daymen were now earning the 1870 day rate (approximately 3s 4d) plus 40%, giving 4s 8d, but labourers and boys earned less.[36] In contrast, the company men, such as banksmen and surface men, were paid approximately 2s 8d plus forty per cent.

Despite this, there was conflict when it became apparent that some of the buttymen at Trafalgar did not pass on the advance to their day men. In response, the FDMA passed a resolution that all advances should be passed on to the day men. The FDMA Executive Council went further and suggested 6s plus 40 per cent for skilled daymen. This led to a flurry of letters in the Forest of Dean Examiner.

Some miners argued that some of the day men were every bit as skilled as the buttymen and so should be awarded a good rate if they worked hard. Others argued that some daymen were “clod hoppers recently come from the plough tail” and “the public house slashers” and should not be paid the same as those with skills. One day rate collier argued:

I am one of those who believe the time has come when the ordinary collier should speak plainly out, objecting to the present unsatisfactory method of paying the daymen. I venture to say that every day collier able to do a fair eight hours’ work ought to have the same uniform standard wages, together with his 40 per cent. Having in general terms explained the grievance of our day-men or at least many of them—l would affirm that in the Rocky vein, where I am a day collier, there are some butties who out of every five per cent, pay their men at a reduced rate, instead of what is fair, just, and honourable.

Some skilled day men accepted that the experienced buttymen should earn more, while others insisted on higher pay. The demand for skilled daymen was high and so some could negotiate higher rates of pay. Some others were able to negotiate with the owners for their own stalls and became buttymen themselves. In the end, the FDMA decided to leave it to the buttymen to choose how much they wanted to pay their daymen according to their market value.

Average Earnings for Little Buttymen September 1873 (2s a ton for cutting coal)[37]

Buttyman Earnings per shift
James Johnson 10s 8d
Davis 9s 3d
Edwards 13s 2d
John Tingle 12s 1d
Charles Smith 7s  8d

However, the buttymen sometimes earned little for themselves or even made a loss. For instance, in December  1874, it was reported in the Forest of Dean Examiner that Samuel Saysell and Jude Williams had no money left over after paying their 5 daymen 5s 6d a shift and their one boy 2s 4d a shift.

Lock Out

In 1873, the colliery owners responded and formed the Forest of Dean Coal Mine Owners Association. However, in the summer of 1874, the price of coal fell and the owners announced they would cut the rates by 10%. In the autumn, the owners attempted to impose another 10% reduction, but the FDMA refused to accept the wage cut and challenged the owners’ figures on the selling price of coal and the amount wages had increased during the boom. The owners refused to negotiate with the FDMA, characterising Mountjoy and district officers as inflammatory agitators. The miners refused to work for the new rates and so were locked out of their pits

After 10 weeks, the owners struck a deal with the AAM national officers, who were concerned about the mounting cost of the strike, while Mountjoy and his fellow officers were locked out of the talks. The agreement accepted the 10% reduction and the men reluctantly returned to work in February 1875 after struggling to survive through one of the coldest winters for a generation. The owners imposed another two cuts in tonnage rates in July 1874. In response, the buttymen cut the rates paid to the day men and laid some off.

The owners continued to refuse to meet with Mountjoy and district officers and insisted that they would only negotiate directly with representatives of the buttymen from each pit. As a result, the power of the FDMA ebbed and the role of the individual lodges became more important. A key figure in the lodge was the checkweighman, who was appointed by the buttymen and accountable to them. The checkweighman needed to have good literacy and numeracy skills and often became the lodge representative in negotiations with the owners.

Sliding Scale

In August 1875, a formal sliding scale to govern the movement of hewing rates of pay in relation to coal prices was agreed between buttymen and the colliery owners at a meeting at Littledean.  A percentage was added or deducted from this figure depending on the selling price of the coal.   The agreement was based on a price of twelve shillings per ton at the pit mouth for the best-screened block.  The buttymen’s tonnage rates were agreed at 15% over the base rates of 1871.  From that base, rates were to move five per cent for every movement of one shilling in prices. There was no provision for the day men, who were left by default to the kindness or not of the buttymen.

Since the colliery owners continued to refuse to meet with Mountjoy and the FDMA officials and wages were determined by the sliding scale, there was no role for the FDMA.  Any negotiations were carried out by deputations made up of the buttymen or checkweighmen from the individual pits.

During 1877 and 1878, the price of coal and wages continued to fall partly because of price competition amongst the owners.[38] This situation hit the day men particularly hard as many were forced into short-term work or unemployment. Some unemployed day men were granted poor law relief provided they accepted unpaid work breaking stones in local quarries.[39]

In February 1877, the owners imposed another ten per cent reduction, and 3000 miners refused to work. In one case, desperate strikers fired a gun at enginemen at Trafalgar colliery who had returned to work during the strike to operate the pumps to prevent the mine flooding.[40] In another case, John Harris from Harry Hill, who had returned to work, had his house blown up with dynamite, and soon after, John Trigg from Bream, who had returned to work at New Fancy colliery, was badly beaten up.[41] The owners still refused to meet with Mountjoy and members of the FDMA Council. Consequently, a deputation made up of delegates from each pit was forced by the owners to accept the ten per cent reduction.[42]

Soon, the level of wages was reduced to that of 1871, the membership of the FDMA had collapsed and there was no money to continue to pay Mountjoy. The owners became law unto themselves and no longer abided by the Littledean agreement.[43] For example, in September 1879, the owners of New Fancy Colliery imposed another ten per cent reduction on the rate per ton. With no district organisation, the buttymen reluctantly accepted the reduction and imposed a ten per cent cut in the wages on the day men, which gave them just 3s a day. The day men refused to accept this and went on strike, but with no district union, they were forced to accept the reduction and returned to work, defeated, one week later.

Neddy Rymer (1882 -1886)

In 1882, confidence among the workforce returned as the price of coal began to rise. A group of miners, led by the checkweighman John Ennis, decided to rebuild the FDMA and recruited a new agent, Neddy Rymer.

Neddy Rymer

I hope that none will take offence,

And think I’m but a charmer,

For everybody knows I am

Poor Honest Neddy Rymer.

Miner and Workman’s Advocate 17 May 1865[44]

Rymer had been involved in mining union activism since the 1860s and worked in most of the coalfields in northern England, where he had gained a reputation as a militant arguing against the sliding scale and alternatively arguing for a living wage which was independent of the price of coal.[45] In 1873, he said:

Whatever be the price of coal or iron, or whatever be the state of trade in the money market, we must have our position made secure and our labour protected from the wolves and vultures of a mean, selfish, and brutal generation.[46]

However, by the late 1870s, he had moderated his views after the depression in the coal trade led to defeats in coalfields across the country. Consequently, when he was recruited as the new FDMA agent in 1882, he argued that his first task would be to negotiate a sliding scale and a board of conciliation with the owners.

A meeting in Cinderford on Saturday 14 October 1882, attended by Rymer, Mountjoy and national officers, formally announced the formation of the new organisation and agreed to demand a ten per cent pay rise.[47] By the end of the month, the FDMA had accepted a 5 per cent offer from the employers on condition that they agreed to the establishment of a sliding scale.[48]

In his first two months in the Forest, Rymer was successful in building up the FDMA with 1000 members, including buttymen, daymen and company men. Soon, about 30 pit lodges had been formed and sent delegates to the new FDMA Council, which affiliated with the AAM. At the end of November, the FDMA presented four demands to the owners:

  • Another increase in wages of 5 per cent.
  • Buttymen should receive a tonnage remuneration for work in abnormal places.
  • The formation of a sliding scale based on company accounts and a board of conciliation.[49]

However, initially, the owners would only accept the demand for a conciliation board.[50] In addition, the FDMA Council, now representing the daymen as well as the buttymen, demanded:

  • The election of checkweighmen by all the workmen, including the daymen.
  • The day men should be paid weekly.
  • An eight-hour day including trammers.[51]
  • Day men should not be paid in pubs, particularly if they were owned by a buttyman.

All these demands were controversial. The checkweighmen had traditionally been voted into office by the buttymen to whom they felt responsible, rather than by all the colliers of whatever status.

The issue of weekly pay was contentious because it would mean that the owners and the buttymen would need to agree on details of work done every week, including measuring up the yardage for timbering and road ripping, as well as the total tonnage of coal mined.

The buttymen often expected the trammers, who were employed by the buttymen, to clear coal from the face to the pit head and get it weighed in after they had left work in preparation for the next day’s work. This meant they were expected to work more than eight hours. In fact, there were cases of the buttymen employing children unsupervised on the night shift to move coal mined during the day. At a meeting in September 1973, Mountjoy reported that:

at Crump Meadow there were two butty men who holed theft coal in the day and prepared it, and at night sent their two lads to hod it into the roads, and another to fill it. There were these little boys away down in the pits, perhaps 150 yards from any living creature.[52]

The day men had traditionally been paid in pubs, some of which were owned by buttymen or their relations.

As a result, the FDMA Executive immediately ran into conflict with some of the more powerful Lightmoor and Trafalgar butties and their checkweighmen over these four demands. Things came to a head at a meeting in Cinderford on Saturday 2 December 1882, when an argument erupted and two checkweighmen from Lightmoor were ejected from the meeting.[53] Consequently, the two checkweighmen involved, William George and John MacAvoy, wrote a letter to the FDMA Council.

Credit: Dean Heritage Centre

Cinderford, December 11th 1882.

Mr Rymer, Sir, – we, as Butty Colliers of Lightmoor, beg to inform you that we are opposed to the one week’s pay, as we can do very well as it is now, and don’t want any alteration. And we consider that you quite insulted us by ordering our Checkweighmen from the Town Hall, on Saturday, We hope that you will shut your mouth about Lightmoor for the future, as we can do very well without your help. We hope you will never set your foot on Lightmoor Works again, and the sooner you get back to where you came from the better. We don’t want any bandy-legged grabbers here. We can do very well with our masters, without your help.

(Signed WILLIAM GEORGE and J McAvoy ) per Buttymen.

The next day, the FDMA Executive Committee met and drafted the following reply, which was circulated to all those concerned.

Credit: Dean Heritage Centre

That this Executive, Committee, of the Forest of Dean Miners’ Association, absolutely and emphatically and solemnly condemn the base and cowardly action of Messrs. MacAvoy and George, and the few Butty Men from Lightmoor, for sending such a cruel and inhuman letter to Mr Rymer, our Agent, and that this Committee authorise the Agent to answer the letter, and send it through the District and through the Press in Circulars, and that a Deputation of the Committee go to Lightmoor Colliery and investigate the whole matter, and call on the Lightmoor men to instantly discharge the two Checkweighmen for their base and cowardly conduct.

As Mr. Rymer was made a cripple through illness and misfortune, and to insult him for his misfortune, is to insult and degrade every miner in England, which the Forest Miners, and their wives and families, will never sanction. Shame itself ought now do its own work on the authors of this letter.

Committee Room, Cinderford, December 12th 1882.

However, by now, the membership had reached about 3,000, three-quarters of the miners in the Forest of Dean.[54] Rymer had built up a hardcore of loyal supporters among the day men and some of the smaller buttymen, including the chair of the FDMA Council checkweighman, John Ennis. At a meeting between the owners and the FDMA representatives on Monday 18 December, the owners conceded a 5 per cent rise in contract rates.

In addition, Rymer attended a national conference in Leeds with a mandate from the FDMA to support a motion for the regulation of the output of coal by working only eight hours a day.[55]

Living Wage

By March 1883, a depression had returned to the coal trade, and as a result, the colliery owners proposed a 10 per cent reduction in wages. Rymer argued that the men should be paid a living wage independent of the price of coal, which meant a rejection of the sliding scale. He argued that it is not the miners’ responsibility that competition between owners forces down wages. He stated that they rejected arbitration based on coal prices but would accept arbitration on the establishment of a minimum wage, which would force the price of coal upwards.

The men refused to accept the reduction and so were locked out. As with Mountjoy, the colliery owners refused to talk to Rymer and the FDMA District Officers. This attempt by the owners to undermine the union again caused considerable bitterness and conflict within the local community. On one hand, some of the larger buttymen from Lightmoor and Trafalgar Colliery returned to work on the owners’ terms and attacked Rymer in the local press. On the other hand, some of the smaller buttymen and daymen stayed out on strike. Some were driven to acts of violence. such as the dynamiting of the house of William Wilce, who was a checkweighman at Trafalgar Colliery. In addition, the house of John Smart, who had returned to work at Trafalgar, had its window broken.[56]

The following words were posted on the walls outside Lightmoor Colliery:

Blood! Blood! Blood! If you go into work you had better make your wills.[57]

However, after five weeks and the intervention of national officers, the men returned to work with a 5 per cent reduction, with the other 5 per cent referred to arbitration. In the end, they agreed on a total of a 7.5% reduction. Rymer felt betrayed by the national union and maintained his position that miners should be paid a living wage, whatever the price of coal:

The miner seeks….. to claim from the country a fair reward for his labours and, as the country employs her wealth, and possesses her power and influence through the manhood, skill and labour of the workman, he sees no reason why he ought to toil and live in poverty……This the miner sees, and determines not to allow his blood and life to be bartered away like dead metal, or as though he were a mere chattel. [58]

However, as before, the power of the FDMA was undermined by the tactics of the owners, the sliding scale and the existence of the butty system, which created divisions in the workforce. Rymer struggled on to keep the FDMA alive and was forced to accept a sliding-scale agreement to run to 1884. The scale, which was based on 2.5% above the 1871 contract rate, with a pithead selling price of 9s a ton. This was accepted by the buttymen but ignored the plight of day men who were left again with no agreement on wages.

Rymer continued to campaign for weekly pay and the end to the payment of the men in pubs, but without success. However, he successfully campaigned for timber to be provided by the owners, obtained an agreement that the existing custom of 21 cwt in a ton of coal be reduced to 20 cwt in a ton and was instrumental in getting a Liberal MP elected in the constituency.

However, after the strike, he lost his authority because the colliery owners refused to negotiate with him while the senior buttymen accepted the establishment of a sliding scale.  The re-signing of the agreement in 1885 and 1886 effectively made the district union and the agent redundant. By June 1886, there were not sufficient funds in the union to pay his wages and he was asked to resign. Fisher argues:

Our understanding of colliers’ unionism, at least in the Forest of Dean, is modified if conventional assumptions about the traditional social cohesion of the colliers are abandoned and the divisions of the labour process are taken into account. The union is seen not to have been concerned in an even-handed way with the problems of all colliery workers. It was the buttymen who started the union in the first place. Their view of pit work governed the behaviour of the union, particularly in the key area of wage bargaining. The butty wanted a fair share of the fluctuating price of coal, but had no ambition to set a minimum rate or standard for his labour: as a small working master he accepted the fact of risk and its influence on his profits. Given a formal sliding scale which would distribute the price of coal equitably between master and butty, there was no reason for them to quarrel. The dayman was, in the union as in the working place, subordinate to the butty. The union made no attempt to abolish the dayman’s condition of dependency. For their part, the masters chose to deal with the buttymen through the nexus of the sliding scale.[59]

CHAPTER THREE

GEORGE ROWLINSON

In 1886, while travelling the country promoting a Liberal newspaper, The Labour Tribune, George Rowlinson visited the Forest of Dean and addressed at least ten meetings in the district promoting the paper and trade unionism. On the night before he was due to leave, he was approached by a group of checkweighmen led by John McAvoy and William George, who asked him if he would be willing to take on the role of agent of the FDMA.  He accepted and for the next 32 years, Rowlinson worked closely with the checkweighmen and buttymen who dominated the FDMA Executive during his years in office.

Rowlinson was a man of moderate views and an advocate of the sliding scale and a cautious, market-conscious approach to dealings with the colliery owners. The senior buttymen and checkweighman had found someone who suited their needs. Fisher contrasts Rymer with Rowlinson in this way:

His first meeting was not for the purpose of denouncing the masters as tyrants and robbers of value which labour had created or to demand a wage increase. It was a tea meeting presided over by the Reverend W. Thomas, at which Rowlinson expounded his belief that the interests of masters and men were identical.[60]

Miners’ Federation of Great Britain

However, Rowlinson’s approach to industrial relations was at odds with developing militancy in the nation’s coalfield, which sought to break down regional isolation and led to the formation of the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain (MFGB).

The MFGB was established in 1888 to represent and coordinate the affairs of local and regional miners’ unions in England, Scotland and Wales while allowing the district associations, like the FDMA, to remain largely autonomous.

At the inaugural meeting, it was agreed to raise funds to campaign around wages and conditions and for an eight-hour day, secure legislation, and obtain compensation for miners killed in accidents. The MFGB was hostile to the sliding scale as it had failed to provide a living wage during the depressions in the coal trade.

The founding unions which formed the MFGB covered Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, North Wales and the Midland Counties, including the Forest of Dean, Bristol and Somerset.  However, the exporting districts of South Wales, Northumberland and Durham initially refused to join and their leaders were strong advocates of the sliding scale. The MFGB’s membership increased by 30% in its first year, and by 1890, its member federations had 250,000 members.

1893 Strike

Just like in the early 1870s and 1880s, the MFGB and FDMA achieved some success on the back of a rising market in the coal trade in the early 1890s. However, when the price of coal fell in 1893 because of a depression in the coal trade, the coal mine owners threatened to reduce wages by 25%.

The miners in those areas that had joined the MFGB, including the Forest, refused to accept the reduction in wages, and at the end of July, miners in most pits in districts affiliated with the MFGB were locked out.[61] The fundamental issue behind the lockout was the use of the sliding scale, which had forced miners’ wages below the poverty level.

John MacAvoy, who was chairman of the FDMA, disagreed with the strike and resigned at the end of August. Then on 18 September, despite some local and national opposition, Rowlinson, with the support of some of the buttymen in the Forest, led the Forest miners back to work. Rowlinson negotiated a deal with the employers, resulting in a 20 per cent drop in wages and a return to a sliding scale agreement. However, the shortage of coal because of the strike led to a temporary increase in the price of coal, and so contract rates in the Forest rose. Rowlinson argued that his decision had been vindicated. However, the unilateral action resulted in the expulsion of the FDMA from the MFGB.

In the other regions, the strike continued and, after the use of troops to shoot dead striking miners in Yorkshire, the government intervened and encouraged the owners to agree upon a return to work with no cut in wages and no cuts to take place before 1 February 1894. In addition, it was agreed that wages in future would be determined by local Conciliation Boards, which would avoid drastic cuts in wages. This meant the formal sliding scale, which tied wages directly to the price of coal at the pit head, was abandoned. The miners returned to work on 17 November without having to concede any loss in pay. In the end, a 10% reduction in wages was agreed by the conciliation boards to start from July 1894.

The Conciliation Boards

The local Conciliation Boards were made up of an independent chairman, worker and owner representatives. Their main purpose was to resolve industrial disputes without resorting to lockouts, strikes and violence. In doing so, the Conciliation Boards were able to take other factors into account, such as inflation, cost of living, and capital investment and they attempted to avoid any severe reduction in wages.

The FDMA was able to take advantage of this agreement, and in February 1895, the FDMA reached an arrangement with the local coal mine owners to set up a local Conciliation Board. However, in the Forest, the FDMA continued to use a sliding scale, which was overseen by the Conciliation Board, which agreed a percentage increase or decrease in wages of 5 per cent in line with a one-shilling increase or decrease in the price of coal.

In the Forest, a base rate was set at the rate agreed in 1888 and applied to tonnage rates, rates for other tasks such as road ripping and timber work. Similarly, for those on a day wage and employed by the buttymen or the company, the base rate was the actual level of pay in 1888. However, since the base rate was set at different levels for different areas, pits and coal seams, the rates varied considerably depending on the conditions and local negotiations. In addition, new base rates would need to be negotiated between the miners and the mine owner for new seams or changes in conditions. The percentage above the base rate was agreed upon by the Conciliation Board and reviewed at regular intervals, depending mainly on the price of coal.[62]

In addition, in 1895, it was agreed that the maximum percentage above or below the base rate would be 60 per cent. In 1888, in the Forest of Dean, the day rate for hewers was 4s a shift. In 1898, the minimum day rate for hewers was 4s plus 15 per cent, giving a minimum wage of 4s 7d a shift. The buttymen, who were on piece rates, normally earned more than this and may have paid their skilled daymen a day rate above or below this wage. It was accepted practice that the buttymen would pay skilled daymen this rate, but there was no statutory obligation to do so.

Gradually, the other local associations joined the MFGB. In 1908, the Liberal government passed the Coal Mines Regulation Act, which limited the hours a miner could work to eight hours per day, which was one of the demands raised by Rymer in 1883.

In September 1909, a ballot of the FDMA members resulted in 93 per cent voting in favour of re-joining the MFGB. By then, John MacAvoy had obtained work as manager at Lightmoor Colliery and established a close relationship with the buttymen at the pit.

1912 National Miners’ Strike

The conflict over payment for working in abnormal places was one of the main factors leading to the 1912 National Miners’ Strike. In October 1911, an MFGB conference resolved:

to take immediate steps to secure an individual district minimum wage for all men and boys working in the mines . . . without any references to the places being abnormal.[63]

Individual districts prepared schedules of minimum rates for each of the various grades of labour. For instance, Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire asked for a top rate of 8s for hewers. The MFGB officially conceded to a demand of national rate of 7s. 6d. In a national ballot, over half the MFGB membership voted for strike action in support of their demand. In February 1912, after negotiations failed, a nationwide strike over the demand for a national minimum wage began. The strike involved one million workers and had the support of Forest of Dean miners who had voted 1,585 for the strike with 245 against. It was the biggest strike Britain had ever seen and for more than a month, the nation’s pits were closed.

The strike was solid in the Forest, including both union and non-union men, buttymen, and company men, with most support coming from the pits in West Dean. Union men, who received strike pay, voted at a meeting in Speech House to provide relief to non-union men from their General Accident fund.[64]

However, the result was only a partial victory for the miners after government intervention established the principle of a locally negotiated minimum wage under the new Coal Mines (Minimum Wage) Act 1912. The government argued that the difficulty of issues such as the diversity of conditions and classes of work, especially for day men, could only be overcome by a decision that the individual minimum wage would be arranged by the district itself and be as near as possible to the present wages. In fact, nationally, the majority of miners rejected the settlement, arguing for a nationally agreed minimum wage, but the MFGB Executive overruled this at a special conference.[65] The local minimum wage was to be decided by district boards under an independent Chairman. In the Forest of Dean, the Chairman was the local aristocrat and Tory, Russell Kerr.

As a result, men working in abnormal places were now at least guaranteed a minimum wage. This included the buttymen, who were also required to pay their men a minimum wage.  This was the very demand made by Rymer in the 1880s and had taken thirty years of campaigning to achieve it.

In the Forest of Dean, the rates were negotiated based on the base rate of 1888 plus the existing percentage. In 1912, this was 4s plus 30 per cent, giving a day rate for hewers and buttymen of 5s 2d. This was at least 2s below the larger coalfields where the price of coal and productivity, because of better conditions, was higher.

The agreement for most districts included a stipulation that no adult over 22 and under 65 should receive less than 5s per shift and no boy less than 2s. This was roughly the average pre-war working wage. However, in the Forest pits, Rowlinson agreed to an exemption from this stipulation. He gave in to pressure from the colliery owners and argued that it could lead to men and boys being thrown out of work as higher wages could threaten the viability of the Forest pits. As a result, the day men would receive less depending on age and experience on a scale down to 1s 3d for the boys. Consequently, the pay of some of the men was below the recently set national minimum rate. For example, the skilled timbermen were to receive a minimum of 4s a shift. This arrangement primarily suited the buttymen.  

The introduction of the Minimum Wage Act transformed the nature of the butty system in the Forest of Dean. The Act meant that the daymen were guaranteed a minimum wage in law and were no longer subject to the whims of the buttymen in terms of their earnings. Secondly, the buttymen themselves were guaranteed a minimum wage. If their earnings were not high enough to pay the day men the statutory amount, then the company was required by law to make up the difference and provide a minimum rate for the buttyman himself.

CHAPTER FOUR

TWENTIETH CENTURY

Also, by the twentieth century, there were no records of buttymen employing the large number of workers mentioned earlier.  lan Marfell, who worked at Trafalgar Colliery in the early 1920s, probably sums up a typical arrangement:

Will Reed and Frank Arkell were the two buttymen and had several other men working for them, who were paid a daily wage. Any money earned over and above that was shared by the two buttymen. This system was used in all the house-coal collieries at the time.[66]

By the 1920s, most teams in the Forest of Dean consisted of a butty or a pair of butties with one or two day men and a boy, although some teams were larger and the system varied from pit to pit. In 1929, at Eastern United, the teams varied from about four men up to about nine men.[67]

Autonomy

However, the degree of job control enjoyed by the buttyman was still almost complete. The buttyman was autonomous in the organisation of his work tasks and responsible for all aspects of coal extraction with little external supervision.

In the early 1920s, coal in the Forest of Dean was still extracted by hand and in most cases, the buttymen were directly involved with hewing coal themselves. The buttyman and his team performed the complete operation of coal extraction, which included the undercutting of the seams, digging out the coal and filling the drams. They could also be involved in timbering and driving new roadways to transport coal and access the coal faces, often using explosives, all paid on piece rates.

This was highly skilled work and based almost exclusively on knowledge gained through extensive experience in coal extraction in a range of geological conditions. Albert Meek explained:

Then you got rock road to drive and one thing and another; timbering – we were complete colliers we used to do the shot firing. They’ve got shot firing separate these days. We used to do all the timbering and we used to do everything that you could call a collier. You had to be complete colliers at that time.[68]

Since the buttyman was almost in complete control of the labour process and his remuneration was dependent on the amount of coal sent to the surface, he had the power and incentive to make sure his team was fully employed and worked hard throughout the shift, which sometimes could lead to bullying and exploitation.

Since the buttymen were paid on piece rates and acted as supervisors, there was still no need for micro-management of the teams working deep in the mine. In addition, the buttymen employed their day men, so the colliery owners had no employment obligations such as supervision and the hiring and firing of labourers.  At the same time, the colliery owners received their profits while relegating responsibility for organising the hewing process and the disciplining of the workers to the buttymen.

Bert Bowdler and his assistant undercutting a twenty-inch seam of coal by hand at Lightmoor colliery (Credit: Photo by A B Clifford held by Dean Heritage Centre)

However, there was now some oversight by underground officials directly employed by the colliery company. The deputies were charged with the supervision of safety, the ventilation of the workings, the inspection of timber work, etc. The deputies were responsible to the overman who was in charge of all the workings and was directly responsible to management. In addition, the daymen were listed on the company books so colliery owners could be held responsible in the case of accidents and the colliery owners were obliged to pay compensation in the cases of death or injury. This could mean there was no deterrent for the buttymen to take risks.

Price Lists

In most pits, an agreement between the FDMA and colliery owners included a detailed price list that listed the tonnage rates for coal produced and a piecework rate for a whole range of other jobs such as road ripping (paid by the yard), installing and repairing timberwork and associated work such as clearing dirt, which was not directly productive.[69]

The price lists were regularly reviewed by the colliery management, usually by negotiation with the FDMA and the buttymen. These negotiations took place all the time and often on the spot. If the issue was not resolved, the team could down tools, leading to a strike involving the whole pit. This was the case in 1909 when six buttymen came out in a dispute over the cutting of a pillar of coal at Flour Mill colliery. When the owners sacked the buttymen, the rest of the 700 men also came out on strike in support. As a result, the owners threatened to close the pit. However, the men returned to work after two weeks when concessions were made on both sides.[70]

At the time of the 1926 Lock Out, a Cinderford miner explained in a letter to the Gloucester Citizen how the butty system operated:

According to the agreement, every collier knows that there is what is known as a basic rate for cutting coal, timbering, etc. This varies according to the seam of coal worked, for instance: the ” Starkey ” vein of coal, which is from 12 inches to 14 inches thick, has the highest price per ton, namely 3s. 9d., plus a percentage, which in any case would not be more than 7s 6d at the rate paid before the stoppage.

The basic rate paid for making a road 10 feet wide by 7 feet high is 10s. per yard, plus of course 80 per cent according to the new terms in this seam. The roof to be taken down would be 5ft. 6in in thickness and 9ft. in width, and if any timber were required the price per pair would be 1s. 9d. plus, of course, percentage, and 2s. 6d. for partong caps, that is timber where two roads are separating.[71]

Trade Unionism

Most Forest buttymen identified with the principles of trade unionism and often were active members of the FDMA who supported them in their conflicts and negotiations with the colliery owners. The FDMA was involved in most negotiations to prevent buttymen from competing for contracts or undermining each other by offering low contract rates. In fact, even up to the 1920s, the FDMA was effectively a buttyman’s union and most disputes were driven purely by buttymen’s concerns, such as price list and tonnage rates, the condition of the seams, water in the pit, the extra allowances for dead work, conflict over dirt in the coal and so forth.[72] In the early 1920s, the majority of the FDMA Executive Committee were still buttymen or checkweighmen.

One example was Jesse Hodges (1880 – 1964), who was born in Nailbridge, near Cinderford. He started to work in an iron mine as a boy and then moved to Crump Meadow colliery where he worked his way up to be a buttyman, employing his son, Jesse Hodges (Jnr), as a labourer and hodder. Jesse Hodges (Snr) was then elected to the post of checkweighman and represented Crump Meadow on the FDMA Executive during the lockouts of 1921 and 1926.

Systems of Work

One of the factors affecting the earnings of the buttymen was the type of working system used and the number of men and boys in their team. The pillar and stall system was used on the lower, thicker steam coal seams, such as the Coleford High Delf vein. In this system, the stalls were about 3-5 yds wide and the seams were up to about 2 yds in depth. Pillars of coal were left behind to support the roof as the seam moved forward and then usually removed at a later stage. The thickness of the seam gave sufficient height for the drams to be brought practically right up to the face, where they could be loaded with coal and taken by the trammer to the main road.

In this system, the buttymen often worked in a partnership of two or three men (butties) to cover two or three shifts in the same stall with just one day man on each shift and usually a boy working as a trammer and labourer. Forest miner Len Biddington described the system:

There’d be three butty men, one for mornings, one for evenings and another for nights, for each stall and two men at a stall. The butty man would have a man he’d pay day wages, the butty men were paid on the coal and the yardage and all the overplus would be shared out between the dree butty men.[73]

The longwall system of working was used in the house coal collieries on the upper, thinner house coal seams. This system of extracting coal involved driving two advance tunnels or headings about 100 yards to 120 yards apart and extracting the coal from between the two headings. The width of the stalls or sections of the seam to be worked by each team could vary from about 15 to 40 yards. Rubbish was thrown into the gob, which was the empty waste area behind the face, which was allowed to gradually collapse in a controlled manner as the face advanced.[74] Alan Marfell described the technique at Trafalgar colliery in the 1920s:

Sometimes the seam was only eighteen inches high (or even less) to work under. You had to learn how to work under that height, how to lie out to use a pick, how to use a sledge for driving a wedge to bring the coal down after undercutting, and how to use a shovel to put your undercutting in the ‘gob’ behind you.[75]

The thinness of the seams meant that teenage hodders were employed to drag the coal out from the face under a roof, which sometimes was only about 18 inches high, and then along a small trolley or hod road to a larger road that ran parallel to the face.

The system usually required more day men, including at least two hewers, hodders and possibly a trammer or filler on each shift, although in some instances two butties would work with one hodder. In 1922, J W F Rowe described the Forest of Dean longwall system in this way:

The stalls usually extend 15 to 20 yards each side of the ‘trolley’ road, or gateway leading back to the main road. In each stall, there are two, three, or four hewers, who do all the work at the face. When the coal is broken out, it is collected by a ‘hod boy’. The trolley road is often very low as it nears the face, and the hod boy may have to take his hod a considerable number of yards down the trolley road before emptying it into the trolley. When it is full the trolley is pushed by hand back to the main road, and then it is emptied into a tram or large truck, which is taken by horses to the shaft. The tram is loaded by a filler, and the hand-putting of the trolley may be done either by him or by the hod boy. The hod holds about two scuttles-full, the trolley about 8 to 10 hundredweights, and the tram anything from 20 to 30 hundredweights …. Two of the hewers or sometimes three, share equally, and employ other men at the face, together with the hod boy and, the filler, all on day rates.[76]

The buttymen and the hewers were regarded as the elite of the workforce, but they worked in the most difficult and dangerous conditions, and this was particularly so for those working the thin seams in the house coal pits. Life for the day wage hewer was hard, but an inspection of inquest reports into deaths in Forest mines reveals that most buttymen were also directly involved in the physical work on the coalface. According to Jesse Hodges (Jnr), who worked for his father, who was a buttyman, the work in the house coal collieries was particularly hard:

You had to lie on your side, you dragged on your side in a way or on your belly, to get the coal out. I’ve seen men, “Mollie” Morris he was a great big man, he used to work in thirteen inches, he used to squeeze his stomach right in. He worked on his side and it was wet, water coming down all the time in that seam, and you dragged yourself in and you dragged yourself out and men worked in that. They lay on their sides to work, hauling the coal out. There was hardly any room to use your pick … And that’s how that was done. That’s what I said, we were animals. We were classed as animals and treated as such. They were bad old bosses in those days. They were the boss and you had to beg for bread.[77]

Forest miner, Eric Warren, described the difference between the men working on the face in the house coal and steam coal pits:

You could always tell a house coal collier from a steam coal collier. The house coal collier was thicker in the shoulder. He had to lie on his back to work. He did everything from that position. There wasn’t a tougher man in Britain than the house coal collier, he worked hard, played hard and drank hard.[78]

Hodding

Bill James of Cinderford demonstrating hodding at Lightmoor. (Credit: (Credit: Photo by A B Clifford held by Dean Heritage Centre)

Hodding was used in the house coal pits to transport coal from the coal face to the drams in a hod, which was a large wooden box on skids.[79] Most of the hodders were teenage boys (14 plus) and in the 1920s they would start on about 20d a day, but their pay would improve with their skill and age. Those who volunteered may have preferred hodding to other jobs such as working on the screens, or ‘road zwippin’ where they would only get 10d a day. In addition, hodding provided an opportunity to learn the skills of a hewer and the status involved.

Hodders had to drag the hod along by hand and knees using a chain attached to a leather harness that ran between their legs and over their shoulders. Some of the seams were only about 12 to 18 inches high, so the work often resulted in injuries to their back, knees and private parts.[80] Fred Warren started work as a hodder at Foxes Bridge Colliery in 1913 and described his first day at work as follows:

Oh, I d’ aim I was 14 or more, just about 14, because we had to go up to the pit in the morning, stand by the cabins and see all the men go down and if there were two butties on there and they hadn’t got nurn a boy, they would come out and look around at you. You were like cattle in a market. They would look at you and if your backside did stick out a bit, they did say “he might be able to do a bit of hodding”.[81]

Similarly, Albert Meek who was born in 1898 and started work at Crump Meadow in 1911 said:

You’d cry all day and you would cry all night. You would get sore shoulders; you would get sore knees. And you would say to your parents “what would you do for my sore knees?” “Put them in the jerry!”[82]

Fathers and Sons

Attitudes towards the buttymen within the mining community  still differed. Some viewed them as exploiters and others viewed them as highly skilled men who deserved to be paid more for their extra responsibilities and skill than the less experienced and often younger daymen. Molly Curtis, born in 1912, remembers that her father, who was a buttyman, earned more than the daymen but complained about his responsibilities:

They used to have “places” and then they had to share out the money and dad used to say “Oh, ‘I hate it on a Friday when I can’t give those men as much as I feel they earned ‘…….Dad was the keeper of the place, you know it was his “place”. He had a lot of responsibilities, you know, and sometimes he used to say if he couldn’t get enough coal out, then he used to have to go back grovelling to the manager and they didn’t like grovelling.[83]

It was quite usual for young boys to start their mining career working for their fathers, and often, hewing teams were made up of fathers, brothers and sons. It was likely that many young, skilled miners aspired to follow in the footsteps of their fathers to become their own working masters with their own stalls or section of seam to work. Harry Barton started work for his father just before World War One. After serving in the military, he returned to the pit and later became an active member of the FDMA and a member of the Communist Party:

Now when I was about 17 my grandfather, who was a ‘Butty-man’ with my father, he retired when he got old, he got the coal dust on his lungs. And father said to me one day he was going to take me in with him as a ‘butty’, so I was a butty. That was all right by me because we paid the men who were working for us and we shared the money out between us afterwards. I used to work it out what the men’s wages were who were working for us. And I used to work it out on paper the night before, on the Thursday night. Well, when we were at work the next day I would go to the main office after we came out of the pit and draw the money out from there. I’d put it down on paper what these men were due to be paid out of the money I had picked up. Whatever was left over I shared between my father and me, that was the butty system.[84]

At Lightmoor, a Forest house coal colliery, a buttyman could work the same area of the colliery for many years and the places or roads were often named after him. Harry Barton, whose father and grandfather were buttymen, remembers working for his father at Lightmoor:

This road was nearly a mile long from the main road which we called ‘Barton’s Road’. My grandfather and father worked that road. The next road below was 30 yards on down, then there was another road which was called ‘Morse’s Road’, that meant, you were from Ruspidge. On a little bit further was ‘Woolford’s Road’.[85]

Hierarchy of wealth

However, the butty system created inequality in earnings and status. Some miners, particularly the buttymen, owned more than one house and maybe managed or owned a pub or a shop and some land, while the daymen were more likely to be tenants or lodgers with no other extra means of support. In fact, there was a long tradition of buttymen owning or managing pubs in the Forest.  Harry Barton was born in the Kings Head Hotel in Cinderford, which was managed for about six years by his father, who worked as a buttyman at Lightmoor colliery.[86]

As a result of the hierarchy of wealth and status among the miners themselves, there were significant differences in levels of poverty within the community.  Winifred Foley, in her account of a 1920s childhood in the Forest of Dean, recalls:

The women from the better-off end of the village and a sprinkling of the husbands were regular chapel-goers. Not so the other end. All too often the poorer women ‘hadn’t a rag to their backs good enough for chapel!’[87]

CHAPTER FIVE

HERBERT BOOTH

During World War One, the miners worked flat out to raise coal for the war effort. The MFGB grew in strength and was able for the first time to negotiate national flat rate pay rises to counteract the rise in inflation. The flat rate increases were made to all miners irrespective of their role or status, including the buttymen and daymen.

In March 1918, Rowlinson was voted out of office because of his failure to back miners up in their disputes with their managers, his failure to support the Labour Party and his support for the conscription of miners. A young miner from Nottinghamshire, Herbert Booth, was elected to take his place.[88]

During his election campaign, Booth was vocal about his opposition to the butty system. This was based on his experiences campaigning against the butty system while working in his native Nottinghamshire, where he ran into conflict with moderates in the Nottingham Miners’ Association (NMA) who supported the butty system. This included its President, George Spencer, who was General Secretary of the NMA from 1918-1926.[89] In Nottinghamshire, the buttymen employed larger teams working longer sections of seams compared to the ‘little buttymen’ of the Forest of Dean, and they wielded considerable power. Booth said in 1924:

By 1916 the rumblings of dissent were to be heard on every hand. As yet, no organisation appeared to fight the evils which corrupted the working life of the miner. Appeals to the Association were of no avail. The Council meetings were still made up of butty delegates and checkweighers, the branch committees were strongholds of the system. The opposition took the form of an unofficial movement.[90]

Booth was also aware of how the buttymen used a variety of tactics to increase the pace of work, such as the use of a monkey butty, which was a day man paid a few extra pence to set the pace of work:

The butty often had little need to set the pace himself, rather it could be set by a monkey butty.[91]

Divisions within the NMA continued, but in 1918 a younger generation of activists led by men like Booth was successful in persuading the NMA to reach an agreement with the colliery owners on the introduction of an ‘all-throw-in’ system, under which all adult workers in a team would share their earnings equally. At some pits, however, where the buttymen were prominent in the NMA lodges, the agreement was not implemented or was implemented only for a short time.[92]

After arriving in the Forest in 1918, Booth started to build up a network of younger day-wage miners and encouraged them to take on roles within the FDMA. He even persuaded the FDMA to sponsor a couple of young miners to attend the Central Labour College in London.[93]

1921 Lockout

In March 1921, the government passed the wartime control of the collieries back to their owners, who then announced a reduction of wages, removing the World War One flat rate increases. In the Forest of Dean, this amounted to about a fifty per cent drop in earnings. The miners across the country refused to accept this and, as a result, were locked out.

During the 1921 lockout, the whole mining community had to unite to fight a determined battle against the imposition of huge wage cuts and the possibility of pit closures.[94] Therefore, the issue of differentials and inequalities among working miners was put on hold. In the end, they were forced to return to work in July 1921, defeated and demoralised.

After coming to terms with the devastating impact of defeat following the lockout, many miners, including some buttymen, in the Forest found themselves working for minimum rates and discontent with the butty system grew.

The 1921 Agreement

An agreement reached between the MFGB and the colliery owners in July 1921 provided a new principle for the determination of earnings. The terms of the National Wages Agreement of 1921 laid the foundations for wage structures in the industry until the Second World War.[95]

The 1921 agreement provided for a minimum wage determined locally and based on earnings received in 1914 in that particular district for the different categories of day workers, giving a minimum wage for a hewer in the Forest of Dean in December 1921 of 7s 5d. This rate was considerably lower than in most other districts. In contrast, the rate for a skilled hewer in Nottinghamshire in August 1922 was approximately 11s a shift.[96] Percentage additions were added to the minimum wage depending on the profitability of all the mines in the district, established by a joint audit every three months.

Most of the miners, including those employed by the buttymen, were paid day rates down to this guaranteed minimum plus the percentage. The buttymen were also paid the minimum day rate, plus the percentage if their piecework earnings fell below this minimum. This could be the case if the team were working in abnormal places.

However, the day wage for the craftsmen, general labourers surface workers was considerably lower than for the hewers. In December 1921, the minimum day rate for John Ballinger, an adult surface worker at Princess Royal colliery, was 4s 10d.[97]  In 1922, at the age of 14, Percy Bassett started on the screens at New Fancy colliery and was paid 9d a day. He then worked as a hodder at 11d a day before being promoted to work on the pumps at 2s 6d a day.[98]

As in the case of the day rates, the 1921 agreement linked the piecework rates to the wages paid in 1914, plus a percentage addition depending on an audit of the profitability of all the mines in the district. The piecework base rates diverged considerably between different areas, pits and coal seams, depending on local conditions and negotiations. New piecework rates were settled when new conditions arose or new seams opened. In the Forest of Dean, in the 1920s and 1930s, the profitability of the collieries was low and consequently so were the percentage additions.[99] This meant that for periods, many miners in the Forest, including the buttymen, were working for the statutory minimum day rates. Forest miner, Eric Warren, explained the system thus:

Two butty men would take the main headings and two butty men would take the stalls off the main heading. The butty men were paid so much for coal got out and so much per yard for rippin’ the roadways and they were responsible for payin’ the men. The minimum wage was seven and fivepence per day, less stoppages and the butty men would share out. If not enough coal was got, the company guaranteed the butty men seven and five pence per day.[100]

Credit: David M. Organ, the grandson of David Organ and www.sungreen.co.uk

In early 1922, Booth and FDMA members, Reuben James and negotiated a new price list with Fred MacAvoy, one of the managers at Princess Royal colliery and the son of John MacAvoy.

Credit: Ralph Anstis in Blood on Coal, The 1926 General Strike and the Miners’ Lockout in the Forest of Dean (Lydney: Black Dwarf, 1999).

Nottinghamshire

At the beginning of 1922, with the FDMA still in disarray, Booth handed in his notice and returned to Nottinghamshire. The Nottingham miners were not so severely hit by the defeat compared to other areas, as they were able to negotiate better terms because of higher productivity. However, they were very demoralised, and this allowed the colliery owners to extend the butty system and introduce company unionism.

Booth got a job as checkweighman at Annesley colliery and found out that the butty system in Nottingham had started to re-establish itself and “the proportion of daymen to butties was now any number from one to twenty”.[101] In other words, the buttymen were employing teams of up to twenty men and boys, which was significantly different from the Forest of Dean. He also discovered:

The lodge or branch committees were almost exclusively made up of buttymen’s interests, all the union’s activities bore the impress of their aspirations. and office on a branch committee went hand in hand.[102]

The buttymen sometimes did little work in the pit themselves. Tom Mosley, writing of his pit, reported:

Before the stoppage of 1921, Gedling was one of the best-organised collieries in Notts. Of three thousand men who worked at this pit a relative few were non-members of the NMA. After the 1921 debacle, no colliery suffered more from disorganisation and demoralisation. Many and varied factors brought this about … (including) a return of a vicious form of bullying … while after the return to work the branch committee was dominated by a ‘caucus club’ that … stood for a positively immoral system of “sub-contracting” which meant a few exploiting the many.[103]

Despite this, those opposed to the butty system still had a strong presence within the NMA and had their organisational base around Mansfield. However, the butties had their organisation as well and, with the backing of the colliery owners, met with a measure of success in re-establishing the butty system. It was this which allowed Spencer to form a nucleus of miners who would later become a base for a non-political company union that would oppose strikes and consolidate the butty system.

CHAPTER SIX

JOHN WILLIAMS

Meanwhile, back in the Forest of Dean, in March 1922, John Williams was appointed as the new FDMA agent. Williams was born in 1888 at Kenfig Hill, in the Garw Valley, South Wales. His father worked as a hewer at the International Colliery, Blaengarw.  In 1901, at the age of 13, Williams was sent down the pits to work for his father under the contract system. This was a common practice in most mining districts where boys often worked with their fathers from whom they learnt their hewing skills.

John Williams. (Credit: Richard Burton Archives.)

One year later, Williams was involved in a terrible accident. His father had bored a hole with a rammer and inserted explosives. However, at the first shot, the fuse misfired. The regulations stated that it was necessary to wait 24 hours before making a second attempt. However, the hewers, working on piece rates, were under pressure to ignore this rule. As a result, Williams approached the face and was severely burned in an explosion. He was lucky to survive but had to spend six weeks in a bath of linseed oil.[104] Consequently, he had a deep knowledge of the dangers of the piecework system, even though, in this case, he was working for his father.

The system used in South Wales when Williams was working there as a young man was based on an arrangement where the piecework earnings were, in theory, shared equally between the men in the team. This was called the share-out system (sometimes the all-throw-in system), although there may have been differentials in the bigger teams depending on age and experience, and one man was usually responsible for the workplace.

Soon after his appointment, Williams ran into conflict with some of the older checkweighmen on the FDMA Executive, partly because he was hostile to the butty system. In particular, he was concerned that in some pits there appeared to be a cosy relationship between the buttymen and the managers, such as at Lightmoor. However, he soon built up support within the wider mining community and recruited day men onto the FDMA Executive who started to challenge the use of the butty system. At the same time, nationally, the system was coming under criticism by economists like J W F Rowe, who wrote in 1923:

It is hardly necessary to point out in detail the iniquities of sub-contracting systems; in coal mining the difficulty of adequate supervision from the owners’ point of view is obvious, and the butty system saved a lot of trouble. But since the butty’s profits depended very largely, if not entirely, on the amount of drive which he could put into the men, the system involved much bullying and moral and physical degradation. Moreover, it was most unjust that a man should not get a reward commensurate with his efforts even if those efforts were not given freely, but extorted by force majeure.[105]

Campaign Against the Butty System

Williams helped to rebuild the FDMA after the 1921 defeat and led the Forest miners through the 1926 Lock Out and the depression of the early 1930s. In this task, he was helped by David Organ, who was elected President of the FDMA in 1919 and remained in this role until 1939. Organ started his working life as a hodder at New Fancy but by 1913 was working as a checkweighman at Norchard colliery.[106]

Under the 1921 agreement, many buttymen were working for little more than minimum rates. As a result, resentment against the butty system grew and pit by pit, seam by seam, the system was abandoned.[107] Forest miner, Alan Drew, remembers:

Three shifts – one man in charge of each place. All money earned was paid out in the butty man’s name, and then he shared out – they were sub-contractors, taking on the job of getting coal out and hiring men. But it wasn’t the men doing the work who was getting the money; the butty men had the biggest helping. The system wasn’t liked.[108]

And for another Forest miner:

Well, actually I was only a boy under the butty system……..What was happening, in them days was that you’d get three buttymen, one on each shift, and if you was thick with a manager or an under-manager, they put three boys on with you so that you could get above five bob a day. There were a lot of dirty things going on as well, mind. As it happened, during my period, in my teens then, I was lucky enough to get along with decent blokes, like, and although the amount of my money was about five bob a day, my first wage for six shifts was two-and-eleven per shift and they give I  three bob. During my teens, I worked along with blokes and they’d pull me right, so I was all right. Say my money was about five bob a day, I might get seven bob a day, you know. If I done all right, they might give I seven bob a day, something like that……….There were a lot of trouble with this butty system, a lot of trouble, haggling and swarming out with these trucks. I used to get out on a Friday: they’d all get down into little groups, you know, sharing this money out. One butty-man would even try to do his mate, another butty-man, you know. It was a very unfair lot altogether, although I wasn’t mixed up in it really. But it was terribly unfair. It was a lot better when that was abolished.[109]

Share-Out System

The butty system was gradually replaced by the ‘share-out’ or ‘all-throw-in’ system. However, the money was still usually collected by the most senior man and the men referred to each other as butties or buttymen. Jesse Hodges (Jnr) remembered how his father campaigned against the butty system at Crump Meadow and the share-out system was introduced:

There was a time when my father helped to break the butty system whereby every man would have an equal share of the money that was earned on the face in the mine. The boy had a fair amount, the hodder and the men shared the residue between them which was a fair share. The men did at Crump Meadow and at most pits, but at Crump Meadow in particular the money was paid out at the Bilson Offices, which today belongs to Roberts’ shop. The wages used to be paid out to the head butty like my father and the men used to come and squat all round down by the offices and in their little groups from each place and these butty men did then bring the money and share out between them. The stall or place was in the butty name and the pay bill was also in his name and then he used to pay them out, share it up and that was how it was.[110]

Sharing out the Earnings. (Credit: National Coalmine Museum of England)

However, boys were often still employed as hodders and trammers (fillers) and the exploitation of teenage boys continued.. Fred Warren described the process of how two colliers would get their own stall or section of seam:

Oh well, the two would be I and Alan, look. We’d be at the top of the pit and there’d be a place a going in a seam look, there were lots of different seams a going and you would go and ask the overman about a start on your own and him would say “Oh yes, we can give you a start on your own” if they thought you were qualified and him would say “We’ll give you three bob a ton to get this”.

And each cart that do come out, you did have a number that was registered on top that your cart had gone by, tonnage, etc. These various places was called headings, we foresters called it the “Dip Yud” and the others was called the “stall”. Probably a couple starting off from new would have a stall, the old colliers would have deep heading and they drove the roads, you know the main headings. That’s how it went on and they did employ a hodder and a filler. The hodder did heave the coal out in the trolleys in the stall because you had to trolley that coal down to the main road look.[111]

In the 1920s, the first pits to abolish the butty system were the steam coal collieries Princess Royal and Cannop, where the owners tended to be more enlightened. They invested in their pits, and they were the most modern in the Forest at the time.

Consequently, the FDMA was able to negotiate independent agreements through collective bargaining, which included a detailed price list, day rates for different grades of workers and other issues such as variations in shift pay. The hewers were still paid on tonnage rates, and the piece rates for other work, such as timber work and road ripping, were set out in the price list. An example of this was the new agreement negotiated by Herbert Booth and Reuben James at Princess Royal colliery in January 1922.

In contrast, the pits owned by Henry Crawshay Company Ltd, Eastern United, Lightmoor and Foxes Bridge, tended to lack investment, continued to operate the butty system and often refused to negotiate with the FDMA.

1926 Lockout

In 1926, the miners were locked out again when the colliery owners attempted to reduce wages and increase the number of hours worked in each shift.

During the  Lockout, the Crawshays were able to break the solidarity within the Forest coalfield by attracting a handful of men back to work after about four months of the lockout.  The buttymen who returned first would get the best stalls and the daymen who returned first would get preferential treatment. Men who had inherited their places of work from their fathers could lose them forever. Naturally, this led to bitterness and recrimination and no wonder there were cases of threats, intimidation and violence against those returning to work.

The buttymen were dependent on the checkweighmen and could only get back to normal work if the checkweighmen were at work as well. After being out on strike for about five months, some of the buttymen and checkweighmen joined the general drift back to work. As ‘employees’ of the buttymen, it was unlikely that the checkweighmen would have taken this action without their knowledge and encouragement.

The policy agreed at the beginning of the lockout was to expel any member who returned to work in opposition to FDMA and MFGB policy. The FDMA had no alternative but to stick with this policy, particularly if it applied to members who were on its Executive and were checkweighmen.

On 4 October, Daniel James and Harry Hale, checkweighmen at Lightmoor, were expelled from the FDMA for returning to work.[112]  On 29 October, Frank Mathews, the checkweighman at Cannop, was expelled from the FDMA and on 17 November, Enos Taylor and Thomas Brain, the checkweighmen at Foxes Bridge, were also expelled.[113] Taylor, Mathews and Brain were longstanding FDMA Executive members and their expulsions reflected the state of crisis and desperation within the FDMA. In his 1961 statement, Williams acknowledged:

This was the beginning of the end of the strike in the Forest of Dean. Nearly every day now I was called to most of the collieries to deal with men returning to work. The workmen had been out of work for over four months. They had not received a penny strike pay out of our funds. We had no funds. The only payment received by the workmen of this district was one payment out of what was described as “Russian Money”.

By the end of five months, all the workmen in two collieries had gone back to work and a considerable number at the other collieries as well. Some of the workmen had no food to take to work and were without any until pay-day. I managed to keep two large collieries idle to the end of the strike. The situation was a nightmare for me, and when it was all over, I had to start from the beginning again to organise the district.[114]

About three months after the end of the lockout, Taylor and the other checkweighmen were reinstated into the FDMA and onto its Executive.  However, the membership of the FDMA was severely diminished after 1926 and there was unemployment and part time working. This led to the danger of the buttymen or teams of hewers competing for contracts, which was highlighted in early 1930 when Williams discovered a price list had been agreed upon at Norchard colliery without the agreement of the FDMA.[115]

In January 1927, the average earnings of Frederick Burge, who was a buttyman at Eastern United, were £3 17s a week (12s 9d a day) and the average earnings of Charles Close, buttyman at Foxes Bridge, were £3 4s a week (10s 7d a day). In January 1927, the minimum day wage for a hewer working for a buttyman was 9s 10d. Because of the agreement between the FDMA and the Forest colliery owners following the 1926 lockout, all these rates would be tapered down to give a minimum day rate for a hewer of 7s 7d by May.[116]

The actual difference between the earnings of a skilled day rate hewer and a buttyman is difficult to ascertain but in the Forest of Dean in the 1920s and 1930s, both were often working for little above the minimum rates. One estimate for this period gives the buttymen receiving on average 5s to 10s more a week than the hewers he employed. [122]

Nottinghamshire

Similarly, in Nottinghamshire, the strike collapsed by early Autumn. On 5 October 1926, Spencer negotiated a return to work deal with the local colliery owners at the Digby pit near Eastwood.  However, this brought him into conflict with Booth and the MFGB, who wished to maintain unity. Unhappy with the influence of the MFGB, Spencer, supported by moderates, led a breakaway union from the NMA and set up the Nottinghamshire and District Miners’ Industrial Union (NMIU). The breakaway union was strongest in those pits where the butty system operated and where the buttymen dominated the union. Of the 1926 miners’ lockout, Les Ellis, who, after the Second World War, became Nottinghamshire Area treasurer of the National Union of Mineworkers, wrote that:

The coal owners, desperate towards the end of the struggle, carefully analysed Notts. and came to the conclusion that a break in the miners’ ranks could be affected, (1) because the long-established butty system lent itself to this purpose and (2) because of the spineless nature of the leadership of Spencer, Varley and Co.[117]

In December 1926, an anonymous miner stated:

The cause of the breakaway in this county I put down first of all to the butty system.  This only prevails in the Midlands, and it was in the Midlands that breakaway first took place. The first breakaway took place at one of the Bolsover pits — Clipstone, where the butty system is at its worst.[118]

Booth remained loyal to the NMA and MFGB and continued to oppose the butty system and was elected NMA Vice-President in 1926. In a ballot in 1928, the Nottingham miners voted 9 to 1 in favour of the NMA.[119] Booth was elected President of the NMA in 1932.

Crump Meadow Colliery

Back in the Forest, a dispute at Crump Meadow colliery reflected the changing roles of the checkweighmen who had traditionally seen their role as ‘employees’ of the buttymen but increasingly had become FDMA representatives for all the miners working at the pit. At the end of March, Ambrose Adams retired from his job as senior checkweighman at Crump Meadow Colliery. Joseph Holder and Jesse Hodges, both long-standing FDMA activists, claimed they had the workmen’s support to take over the role of senior checkweighman from Adams.

The situation was complicated by the fact that Holder was appointed by the buttymen in 1899 to work at a third pit head and when this was closed, he job-shared with Adams, working alternate days. Subsequently, in 1925, Hodges was elected as an assistant checkweighman to Adams.

In early 1927, a meeting of the buttymen and their workmen, attended by about 50 people, voted in favour of Holder. However, Hodges who was now blacklisted for his role during the 1926 lockout and now unemployed opposed the butty system. He appealed to the FDMA Executive, arguing that there should be a ballot of all the workmen employed at Crump Meadow. He argued that the checkweighmen should be accountable to the FDMA and represent all the miners at the pit.

On 29 March, the FDMA Executive agreed to organise a ballot at Crump Meadow on whether the checkweighmen should be appointed by ballot of all the members or by the buttymen and their workmen. The ballot was held on 7 April and the result was announced the next day, showing 105 in favour of a ballot of all the miners and 128 against and so the issue was resolved in favour of Holder.[120] The buttymen would have been keen to keen to maintain their control over the checkweighmen, whom they viewed as their employees. The result reflects the power and influence the buttymen still held at Crump Meadow colliery at this time.

Bob Nailing

While the buttymen had a high degree of control over the work process, the day men were still reduced to casual day wage workers subject to the whims of the market, the colliery owners and the buttymen themselves. In addition, in the 1920s and 1930s, miners were periodically laid off or were getting only two or three days of work a week.

You had to listen for the hooter every night and every pit had its hooter and everybody knew their own pit’s sound of hooter. And if there was no work the next day, they would give loud blasts on the hooter for minutes on end – no work tomorrow … that was called a play day.[121]

In periods when the trade was slack, there was always a temptation for the buttymen to take most of the work for themselves and the day men were the first to be laid off. In the Forest, this was called ‘bob nailing’. The depression in the coal trade lasted throughout the 1920s and 1930s and often the buttyman and his team could only work part-time. In the 1930s, unemployment in the Forest of Dean was sometimes over fifty per cent. Bream miners used to hang out by the hard luck tree, waiting to see if there was work the next day.

The hard-up tree is next to Bream Cross on the right of the picture. Men would gather at the tree to wait for the hooter at the Princess Royal Colliery. If the hooter sounded, it meant that there would be work the next day but if the hooter did not sound, the men would remain at the tree and stay hard-up. The tree no longer exists. (Credit: www.sungreen.co.uk)

After the lockouts, the influence of the FDMA was severely weakened. The introduction of district wage agreements meant the Forest miner’s life was again to be governed by the vagaries of the unpredictable market. This meant the standard of life of a miner, and that of the community around him, would be determined by the impersonal laws of supply and demand, personified by impenetrable ascertainments by accountants over which miners had little control.

New Fancy

In 1983, Harry Roberts provided an account of his first day working as a 14-year-old hodder for a pair of buttymen at New Fancy, a house coal colliery, in 1928.[123]

My ‘Butties’ were looking for me and I was looking for them. A voice said, “Bist thy name Roberts?” and I said, “Oy it is”, then another voice said, “we be thy Butties let’s go to work”. The eldest was Car short for Cornelius and his brother was Charlie, this was their introduction.

My memory of the events of 1928- 1930 remain indelible, I still see my two Butties with their blue-tinged scars puffing and wheezing to get their breath, the trilby hat of Cornelius, the tattered cap of Charlie, and the voice of one or the other saying, “Come on old Butt we be waiting for thee and thy ‘odd”. There ‘Car’ chiding God because handling extra dirt was losing us money.[124]

Harry Roberts points out that the brothers were constantly being taken advantage of by the owners of the colliery and work was often held up and earnings lost because of a shortage of drams or timber. In some cases, the management adjusted the price lists so that the rates earned from piece work were only marginally above the statutory minimum day rates. Sometimes, the coal was rejected because it had too much dirt or small coal in it or mistakes were made in checking the number of drams at the pit head.

The Hod Boy is by John Wakefield.  It was inspired by Erik Warren, Fred Warren’s son who was the last hod boy at Lightmoor Colliery who started work at the age of 13. (Credit: Ian Wright.)

The dangers of making generalisations about the hierarchy of exploitation of the contract system within the Forest coalfield or elsewhere are illustrated here when Harry Roberts expresses some affection towards his old ‘butties’. The case illustrates that in some instances, the difference in status and earnings between Cornelius and Charlie and that of a skilled day wage hewer was probably marginal. Harry Roberts remembers:

The Butty system of getting coal was mainly a piecework system, and the two brothers were to be paid just over 18.5d a ton for the winning and loading, the average capacity of each tram being 1.25 tons. …. Sometimes we had an extra day’s pay at the end of the week due to increased tonnage then the job was re-priced, it fell from 18.5d decreasing four times in six months to about 14d a ton for cutting and loading and because of it, we could not get our money so the Company was obliged to make it up to the statutory amount.

On Fridays there were arguments at the pay office where men having kept account of their drams sent up during the week found they were short and consequently the tonnage was down, most miners lost two or three like this so the little extra they worked so hard for they didn’t get in spite of the ‘checking’ by the checkweighman, and the miners considered the ‘lost’ tonnage was stolen from them.[125]

While working for the brothers, Harry Roberts got to know Mr Parker and his son and son-in-law, who were being paid by the cubic yard to drive a new horse road using explosives. Mr Parker occasionally employed an old collier to help him and one day he spoke with Harry Roberts:

“Bist thou the boy ‘oddin ‘fer them Evans’s?” I assured him I was and he replied, “Then thou bist lucky, I done ‘oddin’ when I was thy age fer 6d a day, and 10 ‘owers on’t, and we didn’t ave such a good odd strap as thee, I ad one around the waist with a chain at the back o’nt and it pulled thee spine and crippled some of the boys, and thou’s get paid vower bob  per day fer only 8 hours.” I told him things had improved in the last 50 years.[126]

However, conditions were still poor at New Fancy, where hodders working the Brazzilly seam sometimes had to work in up to two feet of water in a three-foot space. Mr Parker’s son worked there for a while and when Harry Roberts returned eighteen months after leaving the pit, he discovered the boy had died of rheumatic fever.[127] The use of teenage boys to work in these conditions was perhaps the most pernicious aspect of the butty system.

Hours of Work

One of the main campaigns of the MFGB and FDMA after 1926 was to reduce hours of work with the aim of reducing unemployment and preventing overproduction. However, in 1930, the introduction of legislation to reduce hours of work in mines to seven-and-a-half hours became a thorny problem in areas where the butty system operated.

The buttymen were concerned about the loss of earnings and were keen to get as much coal weighed in at the pit head before the end of the shift, and often put pressure on the trammers to work extra hours in contravention of the regulations. Clearly, this suited the mine owners, but not the trammers and union men like Williams, who were concerned about their unemployed members. Booth was having similar problems in Nottingham. As a result, the first resolution presented to the MFGB conference in August 1930 by Booth proposed that:

The Miners’ Federation of Great Britain Committee take the necessary steps to make the butty system illegal.[128]

Booth described the system as one that created a cleavage between the men, not only in the pits but in social life. Williams backed Booth up and said:

only districts that had experienced the system had any idea what an abominable thing it was. Not only did it corrupt the relation of men with employers, but it corrupted the relations of workmen with one another. As a rule, a butty was a man who was a sort of boss without the status of one.  He was a driver and a forcer and a man who often did little work himself. It was usually, as a rule, to find that where the system worked there was a low membership.  At one colliery where the system works in my district, the average membership is less than 50 per cent. In a neighbouring colliery a mile away, where the system does not work, the membership, over the same period, is in the neighbourhood of 75 per cent.[129]

The resolution was carried unanimously. The colliery referred to by Williams with an average membership of less than 50 per cent was probably Eastern United, where the butty system was still being used. By this time, the steam coal pits, excluding Eastern United, and most of the house coal pits had gradually changed over to a ‘share out’ system.

Tramming Dispute

However, there were still anomalies leading to disputes between the owners and the colliers over who was responsible for certain jobs, as this could impact piece-rate earnings. At Waterloo, a steam coal colliery, the colliers had traditionally done their own tramming either themselves or, in the past, by employing a day man or a boy. However, at the beginning of November 1935, the men gave notice to the management that they would no longer do this, arguing that it was the responsibility of the colliery company.

As a result, on Saturday 9 November, the seven men who acted as leaders in this dispute were dismissed.  On Monday morning 11 November, when the seven men turned up for work, they were turned away and as a result, nearly the whole workforce of 650 men walked out on strike. A mass meeting was addressed by Williams and it was resolved that the strike would continue until the seven men were reinstated and the company agreed to provide the labour for tramming. This was the first significant strike in the Forest of Dean coalfield since 1926.[130]

The men returned to work on the following Thursday, including the seven who were dismissed and on condition that the employers took no action in the courts against any workmen concerning the strike and undertook that there shall be no victimisation. It was agreed that a scheme would be mutually discussed with the view to ending tramming by colliers and that such a scheme to be in operation within three weeks. The wage rates of trammers would be discussed at the same time.[131]

Following this, on Monday 18 November, forty miners received a notice to terminate their contracts based on a reduction in the number of seams available to be worked. As a result, the workmen walked out on another lightning strike.  John Williams organised a mass meeting of the men in Cinderford. The men were transported to Cinderford in buses from all around the district, and the meeting lasted about three or four hours. As a result, Williams sent a message to Joseph Hale, Secretary and Director of Lydney and Crump Meadow Collieries Ltd., asking for certain assurances.[132]

Hale agreed that the forty men would be employed in other parts of the pit, half of them immediately and the remainder as soon as they could be absorbed. An assurance was also given that no men would be prosecuted in connection with the strike and victimisation would not be countenanced by the company. It was agreed that the tramming dispute itself would be relegated to the Conciliation Board if no agreement could be reached and all the men would return to work the following Monday.[133] In the end, Hale agreed that the company takes responsibility for paying wages directly to the trammers rather than the colliers having to do their tramming.

Mechanisation

In the late 1920s and 1930s, some colliery companies in the Forest of Dean introduced mechanical coal-cutting to undercut the coal and conveyors were installed to transport the coal from the face.  Coal-cutting machines were principally adapted for longwall applications and so were only used in the districts of a colliery where the geological conditions and depth of the seam allowed the machinery to be used to cut a continuous length of working face. Consequently, the mechanisation process was slow and uneven, but in time, the old pillar and stall method of coal extraction was gradually displaced.

In the Forest of Dean, there is a report of New Fancy colliery installing compressed-air powered cutters in 1884, probably the first in the West of England, and then in 1914, they installed an electric plant for pumping, haulage, and coal cutting.[134] However, given the geological conditions at New Fancy, the general lack of investment in the pit and the novelty of the technology, it was it is unlikely that mechanical cutting was used extensively.

In 1911, Cannop drift pit was using two compressed air coal-cutting machines.[135] In the early 1920s, Norchard experimented with an electric coal cutter but had limited success.[136] Dave Tuffley has revealed that on 4 April 1922, Thomas Macey, age 43, died after a coal cutter severed his right foot at Princess Royal colliery. However, Graham Field claims it was not until 1935 that mechanical cutters were widely used at Princess Royal.[137]

In September 1927, John Harper, the checkweighman and FDMA representative at Waterloo, reported to the FDMA Executive that the Waterloo pit committee had just negotiated a new price list for conveyor work. The agreed rate for workers on the conveyor was 1s 10d a ton.[138]  By 1928, Waterloo colliery was completely electrified with mechanical coal cutters and conveyor belts also being installed. This enabled the Coleford Highdelf steam coal seam, which was 4 ft 6 inches thick, to be undercut by electric coal cutters along a longwall face varying from sixty to one hundred yards in length and then loaded onto conveyors.[139]

There is a reference to Lightmoor colliery buying coal cutters in May 1928 and the photo below shows a coal cutter and a team of colliers using it on one of the thinner house coal seams at Lightmoor.[140] In 1935, only one coal cutter was being used at Northern United but the Crawshay Board planned to buy two more to be operational by 1936.

Miners at Lightmoor colliery in 1935 with Bert Bowdler sitting on the coal cutting machine smoking. (Credit: Photo by A B Clifford held by Dean Heritage Centre)

A regional survey by the Ministry of Fuel & Power found that in 1930, only two Forest mines used mechanical coal cutters with a total of five machines cutting 41,598 tons. This was a mere one-thirtieth of Forest’s total coal output of 1,303,000 tons in 1930.[141]

In November 1935, the Crawshays Board were informed they had just one coal cutter but had ordered two more for Northern United. In 1938, in the Forest of Dean, there were only five collieries using machines which produced about 20 per cent of the district’s total output. Eastern United did not introduce its first coal-cutting machine until February 1939.

It is possible that in some pits the butty system continued to be used after mechanisation and there is no reason to assume buttymen could not supervise the use of machinery. However, the novel and expensive machinery was owned by the colliery and so the supervision and oversight of the work of the colliers and the new equipment became increasingly under the control of the underground officials.

In addition, the introduction of mechanisation meant a revision of the price lists, which then provided an opportunity to restructure how the work was supervised. Therefore, one consequence of mechanisation was the gradual centralisation of managerial control and the diminution of the buttyman’s authority.

Although mechanisation undermined the butty system, the slow pace of its introduction during the 1920s and 1930s in the Forest cannot fully explain the decline of the butty system during this period. In general, the end of the butty system in the Forest of Dean preceded widescale mechanisation and its demise appears to have been, at least in part, a result of opposition from within the mining community itself.

Eastern United Colliery

In the 1930s, Eastern United was producing about 330,000 tons of coal annually, mainly steam coal but some for household use. The principal seam was the Coleford High Delf, which produced steam coal and was approximately 5 feet thick. The pit was owned by Henry Crawshay & Co. Ltd., which also owned Lightmoor Colliery, where the butty system had been abandoned. The company was also in the process of developing a new pit at Northern United.

The workforce included 750 men underground and 120 above ground.  No machines were used at Eastern at this time.  About 150 buttymen employed small groups of men to work at about 60 places on the coal face using traditional manual techniques. There were about sixty coal places and the colliery employed 180 buttymen and the coal was extracted by hand.

The Managing Director was Frank Washbourn and another prominent director was David Lang, who had been a manager at the Parkend collieries. Lang and Washbourn were the only directors who knew anything about mining. The manager, Ted Oakley, was appointed in January 1926. He had worked as an undermanager at Lightmoor. The other Directors were descendants of Henry Crawshay, who had invested heavily in mines and ironworks in the Forest of Dean from the mid-nineteenth century onwards.[142] These directors generally spent their time hunting and fishing or on genteel leisure pursuits such as studying nature, painting landscapes and writing poetry. In 1961, John Williams said that at Eastern United:

Not more than a dozen workmen were in the Union at this colliery. No workman dared mention the union at this colliery. Most of the Buttymen were undercover agents for the management, and the Managing Director was as tough as they make them.[143]

One of the workers at Eastern, Wallace Jones, was keen to bring the system to an end.  Jones had been elected onto the FDMA pit committee, which was made up of representatives of workmen from different jobs and parts of the pit. In particular, Jones had built up support among the day men who worked for the buttymen. He was also the FDMA Executive member for Eastern United.

Wallace Jones in 1933. (Credit: Gloucester Journal 28 October 1933.)

Wallace Jones was born in Cinderford in March 1894, the son of a grocer. He left school at the age of thirteen to become an apprentice baker. The 1911 census lists him as working as a woodman on the Crown Estate in the Forest of Dean. Soon after, he moved to Aberdare to work in one of the Powell Duffryn collieries.[144]

In 1914, at the start of the First World War, Jones joined the Royal Welsh Fusiliers and served with them in France and Belgium. In December 1916, he was buried by a shell explosion and was the only one to survive among a group of six other men. He was invalided home to England. He was then billeted to the Labour Corps where he was promoted to the rank of corporal.[145]

He was discharged from the army on 13 May 1919. He then worked for a short time in a local timber yard before joining the Eastern United Colliery where he remained for 30 years in roles that included trammer, road repairer, face worker and then for sixteen years as a master haulier.[146] In the late 1920s, as was the case for many of the more experienced colliers, Jones worked as a buttyman.

Mass Meeting

In November 1937, Jones and Williams decided to bring the butty system at Eastern United to an end and so met to discuss tactics.  At the end of November 1937, they called a public meeting at Cinderford Miners’ Welfare Hall and to their surprise, most of the Eastern United workers, including the buttymen, turned up.[147] David Organ, president of the FDMA, chaired the meeting. Williams explained to the men the reason for calling the meeting:

I am told there is dissatisfaction at Eastern United Colliery that is extensive and very deep. There must be a cause for it. I am told that one of the causes is the existence of the butty system, and it is significant that the butty men themselves are against it. Many years ago, the system was at least popular among butty men, because they earned big money at the expense, of course, of those who worked for them. Now things have changed, and a process of cutting has been going on so that butty men are getting money that they could earn on a wage basis. They know that under a share-up system, they would get more than they are getting at present.  I submit that under a share-up system, workers at the coal face ought to be earning between 14s   and 16s a day, and in some places, they ought to be earning up to 18s a day. All the men would receive decent wages, and output would undoubtedly increase. I dare say some of you might be unwilling to part with such an old friend as the butty system, but when you look at the question straight, it will be far happier for you if it goes forever. Is it reasonable to expect a man on wages to extend himself as he would if he were paid on a share-up basis, and so benefiting from his own increased efforts?[148]

The meeting agreed that the miners employed at Eastern United Colliery would decide by ballot whether the butty system should be abolished or not. Jones also informed the meeting of the details of the price lists in operation at Cannop and Princess Royal Collieries and set out the rates paid for different classes of work. There was not one dissenting vote when the resolution to organise a ballot at Eastern United was presented to the meeting. It was also decided to authorise negotiations for rates of pay for dead work based on the rates paid at Cannop Colliery.

Dilly-dally methods

The ballot resulted in 336 votes in favour of abolition and 46 for retention. This meant that about 134 of the buttymen voted to end the system or did not participate in the ballot. A miners’ deputation, including Williams, then met the owners just before Christmas to discuss the results of the ballot. However, the owners put off making a response until after Christmas and then used a series of delaying tactics to obstruct the implementation of the men’s demands. In response, Jones and the pit committee at Eastern United asked the FDMA Executive to consider strike action because of the “dilly-dallying methods adopted by the company over this issue.”[149]

Consequently, a miners’ meeting was held on Sunday 23 January in St Annals Institute, Cinderford where Williams gave an address expressing his frustration at the delaying tactics of the management. Since the butty system question had arisen, another dispute occurred at the colliery, concerning fitters. The fitters at the colliery were being asked to do work other than the work properly assigned to them.[150] As a result, the tension between management and workers at the pit was increasing. In due course, another meeting was arranged with the Directors. However, this time the Directors insisted they would only accept the results of an independent ballot.[151]

The FDMA Executive agreed to this demand. However, the Directors continued to be obstructive and tried to delay the organisation of an independent ballot. In addition, they sacked Jones and two other workmen. As a result, on Monday 21 February, the Executive Committee of the FDMA met, and it was decided that the workmen at the colliery should tender notice on Monday 28 February with the view to take strike action the following week. In the meantime, it was agreed that Williams would continue to attempt to settle the dispute peacefully.[152]

Williams told a Gloucester Journal reporter that two main reasons influenced the Executive in its decision to approve a stoppage at the colliery:

(1) The refusal of the Company to carry out an undertaking mutually agreed upon between the workmen’s representative and the Company, namely, that the results of the independent ballot should form the basis of the negotiations for the abolition of the butty system.

(2) The dismissal of Jones, the FDMA’s representative at the colliery, and two other workmen.

Coal Owners’ Association

Meanwhile, in addition to the three men dismissed, three more had been given notice. Negotiations continued and Organ, Williams and Jones worked day and night to resolve the dispute. In an attempt to get a settlement, the talks now involved representatives of the Forest of Dean Coalowners Association which included the managing Directors from Cannop and Princess Royal. In the end, the threat of strike action resulted in the company making a new offer which included the abolition of the butty system, subject to a few minor conditions.[153]

However, the offer included a clause which stated that the three men under notice and the three men who received notice could no longer be employed at Eastern United. The Company said they would find work for them at another of their pits in the Forest, but with no guarantee of the type of work. This was not acceptable to the FDMA and representation was made for their retention at Eastern United in their old jobs. Williams reported to the Gloucester Journal:

We were worried about these terms, and we determined to make further efforts to get them revised. A further meeting was held with the owners on Thursday 3 March when we made certain suggestions. I must say that a very strained atmosphere prevailed at this meeting. When the Directors had considered our suggestions, during which we had retired, we came back to an attitude of take it or leave it. With regard to three men, it was stated that one could have a job at Lightmoor, that another, Wallace Jones, could be given a job at the coal face, and that the other should also be given a job at the coal face. The men were not used to the work which was proposed to them, and I knew the offers would be unacceptable.[154]

This meeting was followed by a further meeting of the FDMA Executive and pit committee, at which it was decided the terms could not be accepted:

I asked the Executive to give me the authority to write to the company the next morning to tell them we were going to take strike action, not slyly but openly so that it could be said we were doing everything above board.[155]

Victory

The negotiations continued until Saturday 5 March when Williams sent a final letter to Washbourn and Lang. There seemed to be little hope of averting a stoppage. However, the outcome of William’s letter resulted in a meeting early on Saturday evening between members of the FDMA Executive, the pit committee, Williams and the Directors of Eastern United. At this meeting, the owners made a new offer regarding the dismissed men and the employment offered to the men was deemed to be reasonable. In his November 1961 statement, Williams paid tribute to Jones’ contribution to the success of the campaign:

As a result of his activities in organising opposition to the Butty System, he was sacked. I got him to work at another colliery belonging to the same company, and in the meantime, he was appointed Checkweigher at his colliery, and throughout he gave signal service to the union of this district. The credit for this success belongs mainly to Mr Wallace Jones.[156]

Williams explained the result of the various negotiations between the FDMA and the Company at a mass meeting at the Miners’ Welfare Hall on the evening of Saturday 5 March. The Hall was filled to capacity, and hundreds of miners sat or stood for three hours while Williams detailed the negotiations with the Company. The news that the owners had revised their attitude and that the significant points in the dispute had been settled were received with cheers.[157] In his November 1961 statement, Williams explained:

The colliery was like a prison before. Things changed drastically, after this, and the membership increased rapidly, and I was able to improve the conditions under which the men worked. For example, the workmen had to work in bad air. There was hardly enough air to burn a candle. One candle would last a whole shift. This state of affairs shortened the life of miners tremendously. I was glad to get the chance to put this right. I brought the terms of the Mines Act to bear on the situation, and soon we got the foul air removed from all the coal faces.[158]

This view was not shared by Oakley and the Crawshay Directors. At the Crawshay Board meeting held on 24 August 1938, Oakley reported that the daymen were very happy with the new system but some of the older ex-buttymen were dissatisfied. He claimed that productivity was down and that he had less control over the workforce. He argued that under the old system:

The buttymen, who were responsible supervisors, told him all that happened. Under the ‘share up system’ there was no one responsible in the places of whom he could make enquiries.

However, after much discussion, it was decided to continue with the share-up system and see what happened over the winter when coal was in greater demand.

Individual Wage Packets

This was not quite the end of the story because the social relationships based on privilege and inequality continued with the allocation of places to work. Miners could easily be victimised by being given places to work on poor seams and wet conditions, where less money could be earned under the piece-rate system. It was under these circumstances that it was important to be a member of the FDMA to provide protection from the management and to negotiate the price lists according to the conditions.

During the Second World War, the FDMA and Williams fully supported Forest miners when they took strike action over issues relating to pay and conditions. However, in January 1942, Williams had to deal with the threat of industrial action at Eastern United over the issue of individual pay packets. The dispute had its roots in the butty system.

In most cases of teams working on piece work, one person was still often responsible for the stall or section of seam and had continued to collect a joint wage packet for the team to share on an equitable basis. The problem was that it was unclear how much money any individual was being paid or whether the butty system had continued in some form or another, with the money not being shared equally.[159]

In addition, this arrangement caused problems with income tax since there was no record of actual earnings by any individual miner working in the team. Consequently, some members of the team may have been paying more or less tax than they should. Also, injury compensation was based on earnings and if the company had no record of actual earnings, then the benefit would be difficult to calculate.

As a result, on 31 December 1941, in response to requests from its members, mainly in the pits in West Dean, the FDMA presented a proposal to the colliery owners that, in future, all the workmen should be given a separate wage packet setting out their earnings and deductions individually. The owners agreed but on the condition that the extra clerical work would mean payday being put back by two days. On 16 January 1942, some men at Northern United and Eastern complained about the new arrangement and at Eastern, this led to a threat of strike action. Williams was appalled and issued a statement which included:

Fellow Workmen. For some time now an agitation has been on foot among you and there has been some talk of going on strike, and a lot of talk about taking a ballot on the settlement reached between the coal owners and the Miners’ Executive on the miners’ demand that each workman should be given a separate pay packet. I am ashamed that there are miners to be found who are so short-sighted, and in some cases so mean, as to associate themselves with this stupid agitation.[160]

The increasing authority of the FDMA meant that Williams was able to prevent an unnecessary and reactionary strike and from now all the workmen would receive individual wage packets. In February 1942, Williams negotiated an agreement with the colliery owners that all miners would be required to become members of the FDMA.

Meanwhile, in Nottinghamshire, the NMA and NMIU were reunited, and in 1945, Booth was elected as General Secretary of the Nottinghamshire Area of the National Union of Mineworkers when he was able to oversee the final removal of the butty system from all the Nottingham pits.

Conclusion

It would be difficult to fully comprehend the history of trade unionism in the Forest of Dean coalfield without an understanding of the butty system. This also applies to other coalfields, yet in the classic labour histories of the British coal mining industry, the butty or contract system hardly gets a mention. This is the case of R Page Arnot’s three-volume study of the history of the MFGB.

The butty system in the Forest survived for over a century, not only because it suited the colliery owners, but because its persistence depended on its acceptance by the mining community.  The buttyman epitomised the ideal of an independent collier. The amount of money a buttyman could earn was dependent on his skill, effort, experience and his capacity to extract labour from his workforce.

As small working masters, the buttyman attempted to reclaim some degree of control over his labour process and with it a degree of authority, dignity and respect. The ambition of many young, skilled colliers was to be allocated their own ‘place’ and this was understood as a natural career progression after completing their ‘apprenticeship’ with a buttyman.

Many Forest buttymen probably treated their workers well and there would have been a strong sense of loyalty and solidarity within the teams. After all, a skilled collier would not work for a buttyman who treated him badly. At the same time, it was likely that some buttymen were bullies and exploited their employees and it was the abuse of teenage boys that was the most brutal aspect of the system.

Neddy Rymer was fully aware of the inequalities and abuses associated with the butty system, but he was way ahead of his time, and it would not be until the twentieth century that many of the demands he raised in the Forest in the 1880s would be realised.

However, after the defeats of 1921 and 1926, the rates of pay for all miners in the Forest, including the buttymen were reduced to minimum rates or just above, and this continued into the 1930s. The loss of any significant differential in wages between buttymen and day wage hewers was one of the reasons that led to the demise of the butty system. In the end, it was the system itself that became unpopular and it was ex-buttymen such as Jesse Hodges and Wallace Jones, with the support of John Williams, who helped to finally rid the Forest of a system that only benefited the colliery owners and their shareholders.

However, the differentials remained and hewing teams, working on piece rates, continued to earn significantly different rates from each other and other workmen in the colliery, depending on seam, pit or district. This remained the case until the Forest collieries closed in the 1960s. In 1983, Harry Roberts returned to the Forest and reminded us of a bygone age of 1928 when, at the age of 14, he arose at 5 am, cycled several miles to the pit to queue up to get a place in the cage to descend into the pit ready to go to work for his buttymen:

The Banks Man gave the signal to the operator in the engine house and the downward journey began, soon water began to pour out of the sides of the shaft, everyone got very wet as there was no roof to the cage, soon a fairly large tunnel came into view it had whitewashed walls, and electric lights showed up the well made brickwork. Men were sitting on their heels each side of the tunnel, they called it quatting (they did not sound the letter s), and men and boys were searching for the men they would be working with. The names of them seemed to belong to another age, there were Ezekia (Kia), Zackaria (Zac), Corneilias (Car) and Emmanual (Mann).

“Bist thou ready for work old Butty?.” “Oy I be”. “Well let’s goo then bring the bwoy along”. ” I be agwain to get the blades vram the blacksmith oust”

There would be a long walk to the coal face, and there would be water to walk through and air doors to open and shut, all the men in the mine were still wet from the journey down the shaft … The two men and the boy now ready for work crawled on hands and knees to the coal face the distance depending on how far the coal face had moved forward due to the amount of coal extracted.[161]

Postscript

The sub-contract system is still prevalent in many industries in Britain today and provides an effective way for large companies to manage their workforce, extract labour value and weaken trade unionism. A building site today has an uncanny resemblance to a Forest of Dean colliery in the 1920s with small teams of workers operating independently, competing for contracts and undermining solidarity.[162]

A form of the butty system still operates in agriculture and food processing where migrant workers are exploited by an officially sanctioned system which uses gangmasters to supply labour. Delivery drivers are now often self-employed and earn less than the minimum wage.  Daywork, sub-contracting, self-employment, zero-hour contracts, minimum wages and the use of agencies and umbrella companies are the consequences of a never-ending attempt by capital to reduce the cost of labour.

Barry Johnson (1931 – 2020)

It was with sadness that I found out about the death of Barry Johnson. Several years ago, I bought a copy of Who Dips in the Tin from the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Labour History Society and after it arrived in the post, I discovered he had signed it for me with best wishes. His book is excellent and highly recommended and has been a great help to me in writing this article. This is from the Orgreave Truth and Justice Campaign.

Barry Johnson, former President of Chesterfield & District Trades Union Council and trustee of Derbyshire Unemployed Workers Centres, sadly died at the end of January 2020 after a long illness.  Barry was involved in politics from an early age, as his father had been blacklisted from the pits after the 1926 dispute, while his mother was active in the Unemployed Workers Movement of the 1920s and 1930s. He was a trade unionist throughout his working life. As a USDAW activist, he was a member of the Nottingham Trades Council for many years. He worked at Chesterfield College from the mid-1970s and developed the Trade Union Studies unit. Barry retired in 1991 when he moved to live in Chesterfield.  As a delegate from the College Lecturers Union, he became President of the Chesterfield & District Trade Union Council, helping to establish the Derbyshire Unemployed Workers’ Centres based in the town.  He also served on the Regional Executive of the Midlands TUC for an extended period. He was an accomplished orator, having the experience as a young man of drawing an audience while standing on an orange box in Nottingham’s Slab Square. Barry was the master of ceremonies at Chesterfield’s May Day celebrations during the 1980s and 1990s.  He had a long association with the mining industry and gave unstinting support to the miners during the 1984-5 strike.  He worked tirelessly during the strike in support of the Miners both at Linby in Nottinghamshire near his home, and in Derbyshire where he worked.

On retirement, Barry took the time to study for an MA in local history and produced two short books, one on the General Strike in Mansfield and also a study of the operation of the ‘butty system’ in the local coal mines.  Barry also played an important role in starting the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Labour History Society, serving as Chair.  His continued support for the Unemployed Workers Centres was crucial and he served on both regional and national committees, gaining the respect of people throughout the country. Barry also took an active part in the secular humanist movement, having been a founder member of the Sheffield Humanist Society and serving on its committee for several years.

Apendix One

Wage Sheets submitted to the FDMA and printed in the Forest of Dean Examiner concerning a wage dispute at the Regulator Colliery in 1874. The sheets reveal that the buttymen are earning good money compared to their daymen

Forest of Dean Examinery 22 May 1874

However, in another example from 1875, their wages were much less.

Forest of Dean Examiner 8 January 1875

[1] Royden Harrison, (Editor) The Independent Collier (Sussex: Harvester Press, 1978) 2.

[2] Ibid.

[3] A fault is a fracture in the seam that may be significantly displaced up or down meaning extra work.

[4] Timber was used to stabilise the roof and the walls to prevent collapse.

[5] A banksman works at the pit head and is in charge of loading or unloading the cage, drawing full tubs from the cages and replacing them with empty ones.  The deputy is a colliery official charged with the supervision of safety, the ventilation of the workings, inspection of timber work, etc. The overman is a supervisor in charge of all the workings and is directly responsible to management.

[6] The duty of the haulier is to drive the horse and tram carrying coal from the face, where the colliers are hewing the coal, to the mouth of the level or the bottom of the shaft.

[7] Stephanie Tailby, Labour utilization and labour management in the British coalmining industry, 1900 — 1940. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of PhD in Industrial and Business Studies, University of Warwick, December 1990.

[8] Johnson, Who Dips in the Tin? and Robert Goffee, Incorporation and Conflict: A Case Study of Subcontracting in the Coal Industry, Sociological Review Vol. 29 No. 3. 1981.

[9] See Dave Douglass, The Durham Pitman, Raphael Samuel (Editor) Miners, Quarrymen and Saltworkers, History Workshop Series (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1977) for a description of systems used in Durham and Yorkshire.

[10] Dave Douglass, The Durham Pitman. Cavilling was a system of allocating stalls in the Northumberland and Durham coalfield by drawing lots out of hat which gave every hewing team an equal chance of being allocated a good or bad stall. The draw took place at regular intervals so no team would have to remain working on an unproductive or difficult stall for a long period of time.

[11] Douglass, The Durham Pitman and Barry Johnson, Who Dips in the Tin? The Butty System in the Nottinghamshire Coalfield, Chesterfield: Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Labour History Society 2015 Johnson, Who Dips in the Tin.

[12] At this time, Forest of Dean mining companies paid approximately 6d a ton to the Crown in royalties.

[13] Ralph Anstis, Warren James, and Dean Forest Riots (London: Breviary Stuff Publications, 2012).  

[14] During the riot a party of foresters went to the house of Mr Gould, Protheroe’s agent, levelled his boundaries to the ground, and threatened to pull down his house. They turned cattle in to browse on the flowers and shrubs in his garden, and informed anyone who cared to listen that they would teach the foreigners to come and drive over them.    

[15] Cyril Hart, The Free Miners of the Royal Forest of Dean and Hundred of St Briavels, (Lydney: Lightmoor, 2002).

[16] Chris Fisher, The Forest of Dean Miners’ Riot of 1831 (Bristol, BRHG, 2020) Chapter Four.

[17] Custom, Work and Market Capitalism. The Forest of Dean Colliers, 1788-1888 (London:  Breviary Stuff).

[18] Chris Fisher, Custom, Work and Market Capitalism, The Forest of Dean Colliers, 1788-1888 (London: Breviary, 2016).

[19] Madge Dresser, Slavery Obscured, The Social History Of the Slave Trade in Bristol (Bristol: Redcliffe, 2007) 196-198. In 1833, the Protheroes received £45,000 from the British tax payer as compensation for their involvement in the slave trade after abolition. In 2018 the relative historic standard of living value of that income is £4,815,000.  See Legacies of British Slave Ownership, UCL, https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/ and inflation converter, http://inflation.iamkate.com/

[20] Hart, The Free Miners.

[21] Gloucester Journal 31 December 1870.

[22] Diary of Thomas Hale, Gage Library, Dean Heritage Centre.

[23] Chris Fisher, “The Little Buttymen in the Forest of Dean”, International Review of Social History, 25 (1980) and Fisher, Custom, Work and Market Capitalism.

[24] Gloucester Journal 31 December 1870.

[25] Fisher, Custom, Work and Market Capitalism.

[26] Gloucester Journal 17 November 1866.

[27] Gloucester Journal 7 October 1871.

[28] Gloucester Journal 8 July 1871 and Gloucester Journal 9 September 1871.

29] Gloucester Journal 23 September 1871.

[30] J. Bagott, R. Baker, G. Goode, J. Miles, G. Sneensman, J. Thomas were among its delegates on the Council.

[31] Ralph Anstis, Four Personalities from the Forest of Dean (Coleford: Albion House, 1996).

[32] Gloucester Journal 16 December 1871.

[33]

[34] Fisher, The Little Buttymen in the Forest of Dean 62.

[35] Fisher, The Little Buttymen in the Forest of Dean, 63-64.

[36] Fisher, The Little Buttymen in the Forest of Dean, 58-59.

[37] Fisher, Custom, Work and Market Capitalism.

[38] Ibid 72.

[39] See approximately fifty articles in the Gloucester Journal 1877 and 1878, referring to distress in the Forest in. Gloucester Journal 30 March 1878 and Gloucester Journal 18 May 1878.

[40] Gloucester Journal 10 February 1877

[41] Gloucestershire Chronicle 17 February 1877

[42] Gloucester Journal 17 February 1877

[43] Ibid 72.

[44] The Miner and Workman’s Advocate 17 May 1865.

[45] Royden Harrison, (Editor) The Independent Collier, (Sussex: Harvester Press, 1978)

[46] The Miners’ Advocate and Record October 1873.

[47] Gloucester Citizen 16 October 1882.

[48] Gloucester Citizen 30 October 1882.

[49] Gloucester Citizen 21 November 1882

[50] Gloucester Journal 2 December 1882

[51] A trammer is a person who moves the full or empty drams or carts of coal underground.

[52] Forest of Dean Examiner  27 September 1873

[53]Gloucester Citizen 5 December 1882.

[54] Gloucester Citizen 30 November 1882.

[55] Gloucester Citizen 26 December 1882

[56] Gloucester Citizen 28 March 1983

[57] Gloucester 31 March 1983

[58] Dean Forest Mercury 30 November 1883.

[59] Chris Fisher, “The Little Buttymen in the Forest of Dean”, International Review of Social History, 25 (1980).

[60] Chris Fisher, Custom, Work and Market Capitalism, The Forest of Dean Colliers, 1788-1888, (London:  Croom Helm, 1981) 104.

[61] In November 1889, the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain (MFGB) was formed and included the Yorkshire Miners’ Association, Cumberland Miners’ Association, Derbyshire Miners’ AssociationLeicestershire Miners’ Association, Midland Counties Miners’ Federation including the Forest of Dean Miners’ Association, Nottinghamshire Miners’ Association, Scottish Miners Federation, Somerset Miners’ Association and Bristol Miners’ Association. The following joined later: North Wales Miners’ Association (1891),  South Wales Miners’ Federation (1899), Northumberland Miners’ Association (1907), Durham Miners’ Association (1908) and Kent Miners Association 1915.

[62] Calculations were based on a 5 per cent increase in wages for approximately one shilling increase in the price of coal.

[63] R. Page, Arnot, The Miners: A History of the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain, from 1910 onwards, (London: Allen and Unwin, 1953) 80.

[64] Gloucestershire Chronicle 3 March 1912

[65] Clegg, A History of British Trade Unions, 49 -50.

[66] Alan Marfell, Forest Miner, A Forest of Dean Collier remembers life underground during the 1920s, (Coleford: Douglas McLean Publishing, 2010) 24.

[67] Eastern United Notebook for 1929, Gage Library, Dean Heritage Centre.

[68] Albert Meek, interviewed by Elsie Olivey on 6 April 1983Gage Library. A shot is an explosive charge used to dislodge coal.

[69] Road ripping is the process of removing two or three feet of the roof as the coal face advances so carts can be brought closer to the coal face to be filled with coal.

[70] Gloucester Journal 2 October 1909.

[71] Gloucester Citizen 16 July 1926.

[72] Dead work refers to work that is not directly productive of coal or listed in the price list such as clearing stone and earth and is usually paid on a day rate.

[73] Humphrey Phelps, Forest Voices, (Stroud: Chalford) 1996, 49.

[74] J. S. Joynes, Description of seams and methods of working in the Forest of Dean, British Society of Mining Students, Journal X1 1889. Copy in the Gage Library at the Dean Heritage Centre.

[75] Marfell, Forest Miner, 14.

[76] J.W.F. Rowe, Wages in the Coal Industry, (London: 1923) 151-152.

[77] Interview with Jesse Hodges (Jnr), interviewed by Elsie Olivey on 16 May 1983, Gage Library.

[78] Phelps, Forest Voices, 86.

[79] A dram was an underground cart used for transporting coal.

[80] The No Coal Seam in the house coal pits was only 12 inches high in places, and the Brazilly Seam was only 18 inches in places.

[81] Fred Warren interviewed by Elsie Olivey on 16 March 1983, Gage Library.

[82] Albert Meek, Gage Library.

[83] Molly Curtis interviewed by Elsie Olivey on 20 April 1983, Gage Library.

[84] Harry Barton interviewed by Elsie Olivey on 17 June 1984, Gage Library.

[85] Harry Barton interviewed by Elsie Olivey on 17 June 1984, Gage Library.

[86] Ibid.

[87] Winifred Foley, Full Hearts and Empty Bellies (London: Abacus, 1974) 46.

[88] Ian Wright, Coal on One Hand, Men on the Other, The Forest of Dean Miners and the First World War 1910 – 1922 (Bristol: Bristol Radical History Group, 2nd Edition, 2017).

[89] Alan. R. Griffin, The History of the Nottingham Miners 1881- 1914 (Nottingham: Nottingham Printers Limited) 39-40.

[90] Herbert Booth, The Butty System in Notts, The Mineworker, 10 May 1924, quoted by Johnson, Who Dips in the Tin, 9.

[91] Ibid.

[92] Tailby, Labour utilisation and labour management, 181.

[93] W.W.Craik, Central Labour College, A Chapter in the History of Adult Working-class Education (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1964). The Central Labour College was established to provide independent working-class education to working-class people and was financed in the main by the mining and railway trade unions. It functioned from 1909 to 1929 and taught a variety of subjects including working-class history and Marxism.

[94] Ian Wright, God’s Beautiful Sunshine (Bristol: BRHG, 2017)

[95] Ian Wright, God’s Beautiful Sunshine (Bristol: BRHG, 2017)

[96] G. D. H. Cole, Labour in the Coal Mining Industry (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1923) 241, Nottingham Evening Post 14 January 1922 and Alan R. Griffin, The Miners of Nottinghamshire 1914 – 1944, (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1962) 112-113.

[97] Sungreen (sungreen.co.uk) and the Stuart Ballinger family archive.

[98] Percy Bassett interviewed by Ms Parfett in May 1983 in Blakeney, Gage Library.

[99] Cole, Labour in the Coal Mining Industry, 241.

[100] Phelps, Forest Voices,50.

[101] Herbert Booth, The Butty System in Notts quoted by Johnson, Who Dips in the Tin, 7.

[102] Ibid. 19

[103] Johnson, Who Dips in the Tin, 1 – 2.

[104] Williams, A statement.

[105] J.W.F. Rowe, Wages in the Coal Industry, (London: 1923) 63-64.

[106] David M Organ, The Life and Times of David Richard Organ, Leading the Forest Miners’ Struggle, (Cheltenham: Apex, 2011).

[107] The exact sequence of events in this process is unclear but is the subject of further research by the author.

[108] Phelps, Forest Voices, 49.

[109] Christopher Storm-Clark, The Miners: The Relevance of Oral Evidence, Oral History (Vol. 1, No. 4, 1972) 74 – 75.

[110] Jesse Hodges (Jnr), Gage library.

[111] Fred Warren, the Gage Library.

[112] FDMA Minutes 4 October 1926.Richard Burton Archives, SWCC/MNA/NUM/3/8/20a-h.

[113] FDMA Minutes 29 October 1926 and FDMA Minutes 17 November 1926.

[114] John Williams, A Statement.

[115] FDMA Minutes 29 March 1930.

[116] Gloucester Journal 29 January 1927.

[117] Johnson, Who Dips in the Tin, 1.

[118] Ibid. Note that Clipstone is in Nottinghamshire, though the pit was owned by the Bolsover Colliery Company.

[119] Griffin, The Miners of Nottinghamshire, 1914 – 1944, 224. (32,277 votes for the NMA and 2,533 for the NMIU)

[120] Dean Forest Mercury 8 April 1927.

[121] Harry Toomer interviewed by Elsie Olivey and Helen Nash on 9 February 1984, Gage Library.

[122] Cyril Hart, The Industrial History of Dean (Newton Abbott: David and Charles, 1971) 240.

[123] Henry (Harry) Roberts was born in Cinderford in 1914. His father was killed in the First World War and Harry started work at New Fancy Colliery in 1928 at the age of 14. In 1930 his mother decided to return to London with the family, so he ceased work at New Fancy and started a new life in London. He returned to the Forest of Dean some 45 years later and provided an account of life at the New Fancy coal face to researchers at Dean Heritage Centre in 1983. He died in 2005.

[124] Harry Roberts, Memoirs, Gage Library.

[125] Harry Roberts, Memoirs, Gage Library.

[126] Ibid.

[127] Ibid.

[128] Western Daily Press 14 August 1930.

[129] Western Daily Press 14 August 1930.

[130] Dean Forest Mercury 22 November 1935.

[131] Dean Forest Mercury 22 November 1935.

[132] Gloucester Journal 14 December 1935.

[133] Dean Forest Mercury 6 December 1935.

[134] Fine Forest of Dean Coal, The Lightmoor Facsimile Series No. 2. p 26.

[135] Ian Pope, Bob How and Paul Karau, Severn and Wye Railway, Forest of Dean, Volumes 2, (Bucklebury: Wild Swan Publications, 1985) 239.

[136] Graham Field, A Look Back at Norchard, (Self Published: Forest of Dean, 1978) 46.

[137] Field, A Look Back at Norchard, 56.

[138] FDMA Minutes 21 September 1927 and 16 November 1927.

[139] Fine Forest of Dean Coal, 22-24

[140] Information supplied by Jeff Jones.

[141] Field, A Look Back at Norchard, 56.

[142] Richard Crawshay Heyworth became chairman of Henry Crawshay & Co. Ltd. in 1932 but took little interest in mining. He was born at the Crawshay manor house at Oaklands in Newnham. His mother, Emily Crawshay, was the daughter of Henry Crawshay.  Major Leonard Corfield Bucknall of Creagh Castle, Co. Cork. Bucknall was born in Kent, the son of a steamship owner. He married Dorothy Crawshay who was the granddaughter of Henry Crawshay. Thomas Fortesine Crawshay-Frost was indirectly related to Henry Crawshay.

[143] Williams, A statement.

[144] Information provided by Sheila Bowker, the granddaughter of Wallace Jones.

[145] Ibid.

[146] Ibid.

[147] Gloucester Journal 27 November 1937.

[148] Gloucester Journal 27 November 1937.

[149] Gloucester Journal 29 January 1938.

[150] Gloucester Journal 29 January 1938.

[151] Gloucester Journal 5 February 1938.

[152] Gloucester Journal 26 February 1938.

[153] Gloucester Journal 12 March 1938.

[154] Gloucester Journal 12 March 1938.

[155] Gloucester Journal 12 March 1938.

[156] Williams, A statement.

[157] Gloucester Journal 12 March 1938.

[158] Williams, A statement.

[159] Dean Forest Mercury 23 January 1942.

[160] Dean Forest Mercury 23 January 1942.

[161] At the end of each shift, the picks were sent to the blacksmiths for sharpening.

[162] If a team of men made up of two skilled bricklayers and a labourer could now typically charge £1.00 per brick laid. On a very good day in perfect conditions, the team could earn £1500 if they laid 1500 bricks. This could be divided up so the labourer received £300 and the bricklayers £600 each. There would be no earnings on rainy days, sick days, holidays, unemployed days, etc, etc. The foreman could choose to put the men on minimum day rates for difficult jobs such as building arches and pay £400 to a skilled bricklayer. A good bricklayer can now earn about £50,000 per year.

Categories
Articles

Forest of Dean Miners and World War Two

The people who get ground down in wars get sung over and remembered. The state buried them after they were dead. We are not dead yet and the state is trying to bury us already.

Gwyn Thomas, Sorry for thy Sons (written in 1936)

 

The South Wales Miners’ Federation like all trade union organisations has as its fundamental duty the obligation to safeguard the working and living conditions of its members in all circumstances. The change from peace to war cannot lessen the obligation … we must preserve the complete independence of our organisation and avoid being drawn into an unhealthy collaboration which ignores class relations within modern capitalist society.[1]

Arthur Horner in an address to the South Wales Miners’ Federation (SWMF) Annual Conference of April 1940.  (The Forest of Dean district became part of the SWMF in September 1940).

 

While they all realised that miners had suffered injustices in the past and were suffering injustices today, they should not do anything to the detriment of the effort that would mean the destruction of Hitler and all he stood for.[2]

Will Paynter (SWMF Executive) addressing Forest of Dean miners on 27 July 1941.

 

During World War Two it was illegal to take strike action.[3] However, on 19 June 1941, the miners at Princess Royal Colliery in Bream in the Forest of Dean walked out on an unofficial strike without consulting their national or local trade union Executives or their full-time officials. This was followed by further unofficial strikes in other Forest of Dean pits in 1944. Many of these miners had relatives in the military and worked flat out to increase the coal supply for the war effort. This article explores the background of the strike and seeks to understand what motivated the men to take such drastic action.

The experience of the industrial strife of the 1920s and the severe economic depression which followed in the 1930s was crucial in moulding the attitudes that shaped the war-time behaviour of miners. The miners entered the war with a legacy of bitterness produced by the 1921 and 1926 lockouts, unemployment, and the impoverishment of their communities. The return to full employment brought about by the war did little to appease the miners whilst wartime experiences tended to justify and reemphasise pre-war attitudes. During the war, work conditions deteriorated, and unfavourable wage comparisons with munition and factory workers led to resentment.

The development of draconian labour laws introduced in 1941 meant that existing miners were compelled to work in the coal industry by government legislation, with no option to join the military or move to better-paid work in the munitions industry. This suggested that miners were still being treated as second-class citizens and this inevitably led to a degree of resentment.

During the World War Two, the coal industry experienced a decline in output. The reasons for this were complex but had little to do with the miners’ commitment to support the war effort. However, Government policy and measures to increase output placed the responsibility to increase productivity on a depleted, tired, ageing and often sick workforce.

When the decline in output continued and the pressure on the miners grew, strikes broke out. During World War two there were 514 stoppages between September 1939 and October 1944 in the South Wales coalfield alone.[4] Consequently, the miners were accused of being unpatriotic by the right-wing press and this was very hurtful and further impacted morale. 

Forest of Dean Miners Association

The Forest of Dean Miners Association (FDMA) was the main trade union representing miners in the Forest of Dean and was affiliated with the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain (MFGB). Each district of the MFGB had a full-time miners’ agent whose responsibility was the day-to-day running of the association, recruitment, and negotiations with the employer. The agent for the FDMA from 1922-1953 was John Williams.

Williams’s job was to deal with disputes over collective and individual grievances, violations of the eight-hour day agreement, wages, coal allowances, unemployment pay, dismissals and reinstatements, overtime, weekend work, industrial accidents, compensation claims, etc.

The FDMA was made up of lodges organised around individual pits or villages. The lodges held an annual election for President, Secretary and Treasurer.  In addition, pit committees were elected at each of the main pits to deal with day-to-day disputes and relations with the management.

Each lodge elected a delegate to attend the FDMA Council to which the agent was accountable and which met about four times a year. Every year elections were held for the FDMA Executive Committee to include a President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Finance Committee, Political Committee and Auditors. An election could also be held if there was a challenger for the post of agent and the Council agreed. The Executive Committee held regular meetings jointly with FDMA delegates from the principal collieries. The agent would usually represent the FDMA at national or regional meetings.

FDMA Executive and Activists 1938-1947

FDMA Member Role Colliery Home
John Williams Agent Cinderford
William Ellway President Norchard Yorkley
Harry Morgan Finance Officer Princess Royal Bream
Elton Reeks Princess Royal Bream
Alan Beaverstock Princess Royal Bream
Harry Barton Delegate to SWMF Northern United Cinderford
Ray Jones President New Fancy and Princess Royal Pillowell
Frank Matthews Cannop Mile End
John Harper Waterloo Ruardean
William Wilkins Waterloo Cinderford
Charlie Mason Northern Brierley
Wallace Jones Safety Officer Eastern Cinderford
William Jenkins Cannop Broadwell
Stanley Turner Eastern Drybrook
Birt Hinton Cannop Berry Hill
G D H Jenkins Secretary New Fancy and Princess Royal Parkend
Harry Hale
C Brain

 

In September 1940, it was agreed the FDMA should join the South Wales region, whose President was Arthur Horner, a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). The FDMA was renamed as the No 9 area of the SWMF.[5] However, the press and Forest miners tended to continue still use the term FDMA when describing the miner’s union in the Forest because, at a local level, the union continued to function as before and so this convention will be used in this book.  Harry Barton, who was Secretary of Cinderford branch of the CPGB was elected as the Forest of Dean delegate on the SWMF Executive.

Williams and the FDMA believed that it was necessary to fight against fascism and worked hard to support the war effort by encouraging miners to increase production and campaign against unnecessary absenteeism. At the same time, they remained loyal to the interests of his members, supported them in their conflicts with their managers and defended their trade union rights.

Wages

Since the 1921 and 1926 lockouts, the power of the MFGB had been undermined by its federated structure which had returned power to the district associations. In some cases, such as in Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire, local associations had been able to negotiate reasonable terms and conditions based on higher productivity. This was because the MFGB was tied into a national agreement that linked district wages to district profits. Any rise or fall in wages was calculated using a complex formula based on profitability in the district.

The MFGB and FDMA argued that the mining industry should now be nationalised and  that there should be a single national union comprising all grades of workers with a single national agreement on wages and hours of work.

The hewers who worked on the coal face extracting coal and were paid by the ton of coal produced and these skilled men earned the highest wages. Men working on timber work and road ripping were also paid on piece rates. Piece rate workers were paid a district minimum wage if their earnings from piece work fell below this minimum. Most other tasks in the pits were carried out by men or boys employed directly by the owners and they were paid a day rate which was usually less than the wage for the hewers. These men included the banksmen, enginemen, blacksmiths, masons, carpenters, pump men and surface workers. Also on day rate wages were men and boys involved with the haulage of coal, maintenance of haulage roads, clearing roof falls, and attending to ventilation.

The average national wage for coal miners in 1938 was £2 15s 9d (about 11s per shift for a five-day week) ranking at number eighty-one in the official list of nearly one hundred trades.[6] In the Forest of Dean, the earnings of miners were lower than in most districts because of the poor condition of the pits, thin seams, problems with water and lack of investment.

The minimum wage for a hewer in 1938 in the Forest  was 8s 9d and the average wage for a hewer on piece work in the Forest was about 10s a shift.[7]  In the Forest in 1938, about 40 per cent of shifts were worked at the coal face. However, the remaining workers including labourers, surface workers, craftsmen, etc, who were paid day rates, earned less than this.

Cannop Colliery Payslip for Tom Morgan (Credit Dean Heritage Centre)

The Coal Industry

The ownership of the British coal industry in 1938 was highly fragmented. In the Forest of Dean, there were seven large collieries employing over 100 men managed by five colliery companies and about twenty-five small pits owned by a variety of small colliery companies or private individuals employing up to a maximum of about 50 workers each. Some of these small pits were small family concerns owned by free miners.  The total of men employed in the Forest of Dean coalfield in 1938 was 4941.

Forest of Dean Collieries Employing More than 100 workers in 1938

Mine Company Location Coal Number of men Dates of operation
Princess Royal Princess Royal Colliery Ltd Bream

 

Steam 750 1840-1962

 

Lightmoor Henry Crawshay & Co. Ltd. Cinderford House

 

266

 

1840-1940
Eastern United Henry Crawshay & Co. Ltd. Ruspidge Steam 831 1909-1959
New Fancy, Parkend Deep Navigation Collieries Ltd Parkend House 333 1827-1944
Norchard Princess Royal Colliery Ltd? Lydney Steam 222 1842-1957

 

Cannop The Cannop Coal Company Ltd Cannop House and Steam 1152 1906-1960
Arthur and Edward (Waterloo) Lydney and Crump Meadow Collieries Ltd Lydbrook House 681 1841-1959
Northern United Henry Crawshay & Co. Ltd. Cinderford Steam 457 1933-1965
Total 4692

The coal industry in the Forest lacked investment and was dominated by sectional interest and the short-term seeking of profits by the owners, which contributed to low productivity. Slow modernisation of production methods, decrepit haulage systems, inadequate underground layout and poor and costly distribution contributed to the stagnation. Inadequate training and conservatism of managers combined with poor industrial relations made the situation worse. 

The Second World War brought tremendous changes in the organisation of the industry itself and industrial relations within it, though the changes were not immediate. At the beginning of the war, the government established an indirect form of control of the coal industry by introducing a central council and district boards for its regulation while ownership, control and day-to-day management remained in private hands.[8]

War Effort

The leadership of the MFGB and the FDMA and most miners were committed to supporting the war effort and trade union representatives were brought into war planning at a local, regional and national level. As soon as the war was declared on 1 September 1939, the government set up a meeting of the Joint Standing Consultative Committee (JSCC) made up of the Miners Association of Great Britain (MAGB), which was the organisation representing the colliery owners, and MFGB representatives to discuss the matter of increasing coal production.[9]

The government estimated that it would need to increase production by 30 to 40 million tons to bring it up to the level of 260 to 270 million tons deemed necessary to supply the muniton sindustry as well as industrial and domestic markets..

The MFGB made it clear that no extension of the working day should be agreed upon and any agreement on overtime should adhere to MFGB policy. The MFGB insisted that there be no reduction in the school leaving age (14), no extension of the employment of women and no employment of boys on the night shift. It was agreed to encourage unemployed or ex-miners to return to work and to reduce absenteeism.[10]

The MFGB argued Britain needed a unified coal industry under public ownership to increase production levels. During the war, the policies of the MFGB were based on the following priorities:

  • The need to ensure coal production at sufficient levels to meet domestic and wartime needs.
  • The need to minimise industrial conflict.
  • The need to win significant wage increases for its members.
  • The need to end district agreements and negotiate a national agreement for all mineworkers.
  • The need to nationalise the mines.

At the start of the war, the MFGB and FDMA encouraged their members to support the war effort by working extra hard, working through holidays, working extra shifts, etc. As a result, in the first quarter of 1940 productivity improved. However, as the year progressed it became clear that the intense work rate could not be sustained and productivity declined and did not recover for the rest of the war.

Manpower and Output in the British Coal Industry.[11]

Year Output of saleable coal in tons Average number of miners Output per miner per year in tons
1938 226,903,200 781,672 290.4
1939 231,337,900 765,322 301.9
1940 224,298,800 749,165 299.4
1941 206,344,300 697,633 295.8
1942 203,633,400 709,261 287.1
1943 194,493,000 707,750 274.8
1944 184,098,400 710,203 259.2
1945 174,687,900 708,905 246.4

 

Manpower and Output in the Forest of Dean Coal Industry[12]

Year Output of saleable coal in tons Average number of miners Output per miner per year in tons
1938 1,349,500 4,941 273.1
1939 1,312,700 4,838 271.3
1940 1,204,200 4,451 270.5
1941 1,071,800 4,166 257.3
1942 1,021,000 4,216 242.2
1943 966,600 4,339 222.8
1944 926,000 4339 213.4
1945 873,100 4298 203.1

The difference in output per miner between the national and Forest coalfields was due to the poor conditions in the Forest such as thin seams, cramped conditions and water which required constant pumping combined with a lack of investment and the slow introduction of coal cutting machinery and mechanical conveyors.

About half the seams worked in the Forest were under four feet and none over five feet whereas in other districts 20 per cent of the seams were over 5 feet. In the Forest, most collieries still used timber supports and men and horses to move coal.[13]  In some pits in the Forest most of the undercutting and loading of coal was done by hand and the amount of coal cut and moved using machines was much less than in other districts. [14]

The use of Machines for Cutting Coal in Forest of Dean (FOD).[15]

Year No of collieries using machine cutting in FOD No of machines in use in FOD Percentage of coal cut by machine in the FOD Percentage of coal cut by machine nationally
1938 5 19 21 56
1939 7 25 26 59
1940 6 27 34 61
1941 5 26 42 63
1942 6 29 47 64
1943 6 33 55 67
1944 53.7 80.2

 

The use of Machines for Loading and Conveying of Coal[16]

Year No of collieries using machines to load and convey coal in FOD No of machines in use in FOD Percentage of coal loaded and conveyed by machines in the FOD Percentage of coal cut by machine nationally
1938 3 18 21 54
1939 4 23 28 58
1940 5 30 32 61
1941 6 29 34 64
1942 6 36 33 65
1943 6 37 42 66

The decline in number of miners was due to:

  • Men joining the forces.
  • Leaving to find better-paid work with better conditions in other industries.
  • Deaths (accidents and natural).
  • Retirement,
  • Sickness,
  • Lung disease

There continued to be the recruitment of juveniles (under 14-18) but, they could not replace the loss of older skilled workers. However, later in the war, recruitment was bolstered by some men returning from the armed forces and other industries, volunteers, and those sent to the mines by ballot (see discussion of Bevin Boys below). 

Build up to War

When Hitler broke his word and occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, Britain and France gave a guarantee to Poland to support its independence. As a result, on 6 April, Britain agreed to a formal military alliance with Poland, however, they it refused to form an alliance with Russia.

In May 1939, plans for limited conscription applying to single men aged between 20 and 22 were given parliamentary approval in the Military Training Act.  This required men to undertake six months of military training and then to be transferred to the Reserve. Some 240,000 men registered for service including some miners.

On 23 August, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed a Treaty of Non-aggression. In the Forest of Dean, this resulted in an accusation from some members of the Labour Party of treachery by the Soviet Union. On 26 August, Morgan Philips Price, the Forest Labour MP, expressed this view at the annual carnival and fete of the Forest of Dean Labour Party in Bream, chaired by Albert Brookes.

However, much they blamed Mr Chamberlain and the others, nothing could absolve Russia from the treachery to Poland.[17]

The CPGB leadership strenuously denied this accusation, arguing that the Soviet government had been compelled to act when the French and British governments refused to enter a formal alliance with them against the Nazis.[18]

On 1 September, Hitler invaded Poland and on 3 September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany. On 17 September, the Soviet Union invaded Poland through its eastern border.

As a result of the Nazi-Soviet Pact, the Comintern characterised the war as an imperial conflict between two more or less equally culpable blocs of capitalist nations. However, some British CPGB members ignored this policy and argued that the CPGB should support the war effort to defeat fascism. These included senior members such as Harry Pollitt and Arthur Horner, who were then sidelined by the CPGB leadership.

When the war was declared parliament immediately passed a more wide-reaching conscription measure, the National Service (Armed Forces) Act which imposed conscription on males aged between 18 and 41 all of whom had to register for service. Those medically unfit were exempted, as were others in key industries such as farming, medicine, and mining. Most miners over the age of 23 were exempted, although, for some less-skilled jobs in the mining industry, the exemptions were only for those over 30.

Some miners were eager to get out of the mines and volunteered for the forces.  As a result, by mid-September 27,000 men had left the mining industry for the military, civil defence or munitions work and this immediately impacted the level of coal production.[19]  At the end of October, the MFGB requested the government reduce the reserve age in some grades of the mining industry to eighteen because of the need to increase coal production by at least 30 million tons.[20]

In some pits in the Forest of Dean, men of military age and no experience in mining applied for work in the pits and some of the existing miners believed that this was to avoid conscription.[21] As a result, stoppages were threatened and on Saturday 9 September, a meeting of the FDMA Executive was held at Speech House, after which Williams told the press:

What angers the miners is the suspicion that these men would have not come near a colliery but to get work but for the fact that the mine offered a chance to avoid military service.[22]

Another meeting was held on Saturday 16 September and it was agreed to make representations to the colliery owners over the matter. Consequently, the owners agreed that, as far as reasonably practical, men who had entered the mines during the war or immediately preceding the war would be withdrawn. In addition, any miners who had recently left the industry should be given priority over those with no experience.[23]

Wages

The MFGB argued that despite the promise by the government to reduce profiteering the cost of living was rapidly rising.[24] The MFGB insisted the MAGB agree that the JSCC discuss issues to do with the cost of living, wage rates, hours and safety on a national as opposed to district basis. As a result, in September, the MFGB decided to use the JSCC to attempt to break out of the existing district agreements and negotiate a new national wage agreement. At the meeting of the JSCC on 28 September, the MFGB put in a claim for an immediate flat-rate increase for all miners in the form of a war bonus of 1s a day for men and 6d for boys under 18, as an interim settlement until the end of October. The MFGB demanded that wages should be increased from then on according to the rise in the cost of living.[25]

In response, the MAGB offered a pay rise of 8d for men and 4d for boys to cover the period from 1 November to the end of the year.[26]  The award was termed as a war bonus and would be merged with any rise in wages from district agreements and paid for by increasing the cost of coal.

At the MFGB conference on 2 November, there was some reluctance among the areas with higher productivity to accept a flat rate national agreement as they believed they would be better off with district agreements. Horner who was on the negotiating committee argued in favour of the offer:

Let us try to find a formula which will at least ensure this, that at the worst … the most backward district, including the Forest of Dean … shall have the same advantage as Yorkshire and the same as Nottinghamshire. In fact, they needed it more with an average wage of 11s a day as against an average wage of 15s a day … I want a national organisation. I believe in national control of the wage policy. I believe in using every possible situation to unify … the miners of this country. I do not think it is right that the accident of geography should determine that Welsh miners should get two-thirds of what miners in the Midlands are getting.[27]

The voting was 342,000 in support of the agreement and 253,000 against it, resulting in the acceptance of the offer.[28] 

Increasing membership

At the start of the war, the membership of the FDMA was low but, by December, had rapidly increased. Williams informed his members that in January they would receive a small pay rise resulting from the district agreement due to the increasing profits of the local colliery companies.[29]

One of Williams’s tasks was to represent miners if they felt they had been wrongly conscripted. This could happen if a miner changed his grade after registration.

The FDMA was aware there was considerable dissatisfaction among its members over those non-union men who received all the benefits it negotiated. Consequently, the FDMA demanded the owners assist them in securing 100 per cent union membership in Forest collieries to prevent any stoppages over the issue of non-unionism.[30]

The Cost of Living Formula

The increase in the cost of living meant that workers in other industries were also demanding and receiving pay rises. As an example, in December 1939, West Dean District Council agreed to a flat rate increase for its employees of 3s a week.[31]

At the end of 1939, the MFGB threatened to hold a national strike ballot unless the MAGB and the government agreed to a formula to link wages to the rise in the cost of living. In January, the MAGB and government quickly gave way and conceded another national cost of living increase of 5d a shift for men and 2.5d for boys to be backdated from 1 January 1940. On 25 January 1940, this offer was accepted by the majority of delegates at an MFGB conference.[32]

In addition, the MFGB negotiated a flat rate addition of 0.7d per shift for adult workers corresponding to a variation of one point in the cost-of-living index subject to a three-month review. The offer was referred to the districts and, by the first week in February, the majority including the Forest of Dean voted to accept it.[33]

The agreement between the MAGB and MFGB meant that district wage negotiations would continue as before but any additions due to the war and the cost of living would be agreed upon nationally.[34] This meant that wages in areas like the Forest of Dean would continue to lag behind the more productive areas. However, as the wage increases at this time were in response to the increasing cost of living, they made little difference to the miners’ incomes in real terms.

In March 1940, Forest of Dean unemployment of insured workers was down from 1262 in March 1939 to 450 in March 1940, of whom about 100 were women and girls. In Cinderford, unemployment decreased from 589 to 150 as some unemployed miners joined the forces or drifted away into better-paid work in the munitions industry.[35] Many of the remaining unemployed workers were elderly or physically unfit for colliery work. Consequently, the Forest colliery owners started to run into difficulties recruiting skilled and healthy miners.

Deaths and Injuries

During World War Two, the UK’s coal mines experienced a significant number of accidents and fatalities, though not as severe as those in other industries like munitions factories or the military.  Between the outbreak of World War Two in September 1939 and the end of 1944, approximately 4,363 miners were killed in coal mining accidents across the United Kingdom. In addition, 15,240 miners sustained serious injuries during this period. ​[35b] These statistics underscore the significant human cost borne by coal miners who played a crucial role during World War Two supplying coal for the war effort.

In the Forest of Dean, there were fourteen deaths during World War Two in its mines and many serious accidents. The first death was Charles Screen, age 39, who was killed at Princess Royal Colliery on 24 September 1939.  Further deaths will be listed in boxes throughout the text with details taken from Dave Tuffley’s database of deaths in Forest mines, Roll of Honour, available on the Forest of Dean Local History website.

Beyond immediate accidents, many miners suffered from long-term occupational diseases. In South Wales alone, between 1937 and 1948, over 2,000 miners died and nearly 38,500 were permanently disabled due to silicosis and pneumoconiosis, diseases caused by prolonged exposure to coal dust. [35c]

Silicosis

Mining communities have always been aware of the devastating consequences of lung disease caused by breathing dust. It is now known that there are several different types of lung diseases caused by breathing dust in coal mines but silicosis was the first one to be recognised as an industrial disease.

Silicosis disease is a result of breathing in dust from rock containing silica often produced because of drilling or blasting operations when creating roadways in the mines. The disease meant miners could become disabled and unable to work at a relatively young age, sometimes as young as forty. They then could suffer a long painful early death leaving grieving families with no compensation or even recognition that the disablement and death were a result of working in a mine. Forest miner Albert Meek recalled how his father suffered from silicosis:

which was then called ‘colliers’ asthma,’ never got anything for it. I often think about it, my father was rasping for years before he died and he died before he was fifty.[36]

The symptoms of silicosis usually take many years to develop and problems sometimes do not develop until after exposure and can then get much worse. In most cases, exposure for at least 10-20 years is required to cause the condition, although in a few cases, it can develop after 5-10 years of exposure or, in rare cases, after only a few months of very heavy exposure.

Silicosis was first recognised as an industrial disease for compensation purposes in the 1928 Various Industries (Silicosis) Scheme. Under this Scheme, the applicant for compensation had to prove that they had been working in silica rock containing 50 per cent or more free silica, had been blasting, drilling, dressing or handling such rocks and had already been disabled by silicosis.

This was the first step in a long battle with the colliery owners, the government, and their allies in the scientific and medical establishment to recognise the various types of lung disease caused by dust.

The FDMA encouraged miners with lung disease to apply for a medical assessment and compensation, however, there was no systematic screening so the prevalence of the disease was underreported. The deaths listed in the tables below are taken from reports of coroners’ courts in the local newspaper and do not reflect a true picture of the prevalence of the disease.

Deaths from silicosis in the Forest of Dean reported in the local newspapers in 1939 and 1940[37]

Name Age Date of Inquest Home Colliery
Charles Hook 52 Feb 1939 Ruspidge Eastern
William Baglin Mile End
Alfred Chamberlain 63 Nov 1939 Cinderford New Fancy
Thomas James Davies 66 April 1940 Pillowell
William Charles James 53 November 1940 Bream Princess Royal

Forest of Dean Coal Production Committee

In April 1940, the government established a National Coal Production Council made up of representatives from government departments, the MFGB and MAGB. On 23 May members of the FDMA and the Forest colliery owners met with Lord Portal in Gloucester to discuss ways of improving productivity.[38] As a result, the FDMA helped set up a Forest of Dean Coal Production Committee (FODCPC) with owners and workers’ representatives to discuss ways of increasing output in conjunction with the pit committees.  In addition, each pit had its own production committee made up of  managers and  FDMA members Charlie Mason at Northern.

The FDMA representatives on the FODCPC were Wallace Jones (Eastern), William Jenkins (Cannop), Harry Morgan (Princess Royal), Ray Jones (New Fancy) and Harry Barton (Northern).[39] The FODCPC agreed to work with the FDMA pit committees to urge the men to avoid unnecessary absenteeism and for those who worked the 2 pm to 10 pm shift to work a sixth shift on Saturday afternoon. Some workers already worked a Sunday night shift to prepare the ground for the Monday morning shift.  The committee also agreed to urge the men to work through the summer without taking a holiday. After the first meeting, Williams told reporters:

The first subject that we have tackled is that of voluntary absenteeism which relates to men losing time for their convenience. It has been found more time is being lost on Sunday nights. An appeal is to be made by the Forest Miners’ Association for all workmen to work every shift possible. Notices are to be put up at the pitheads informing the men they are expected to lose as little time as possible and announcing the decision of the Committee relating to the afternoon shift week.[40]

However, after a ballot of FDMA members, it was agreed that working a six-shift should be voluntary and only if an additional allowance was paid. In the House of Commons,  Philips Price, asked the Secretary of Mines, David Grenfell, if he was aware of this grievance over the additional allowance. Lady Astor complained that there was no reason why the men should be paid. Some Labour MPs asked Astor: “What do you know about it?” Grenfell informed Astor that it was customary for the men to be paid an extra allowance for additional shifts and the matter was being dealt with by negotiation between the local associations and the local colliery owners.[41]

Ernest Bevin

Ernest Bevin

In the second week of May 1940, the Germans invaded Holland and Belgium resulting in the resignation of Chamberlain and the formation of a Coalition government with Churchill as Prime Minister and Clement Attlee as Deputy Prime Minister. Churchill’s war cabinet consisted of five members including two Labour MPs, Clement Attlee and Arthur Greenwood. Other Labour members held ministerial positions, the most important of whom was Ernest Bevin, Minister of Labour and National Service. However, Chamberlain, as leader of the Conservative Party, remained a member of the government and continued to have many supporters in parliament until his death in October 1940.

Bevin’s standing as leader of Britain’s biggest trade union, the Transport and General Workers Union, was intended to deflect the kind of opposition to the control of labour that had been such a feature of the First World War. However, the measures introduced during the Second World War were similarly draconian and the Emergency Powers Act and Defence Regulations provided the government with all the power it needed to direct and control labour. On 10 July 1940, the government introduced a regulation allowing Bevin to ban strikes and lockouts and to refer any dispute to compulsory and binding arbitration. Bevin established a Joint Consultative Committee of seven employers’ representatives and seven trade unionists to advise on the conduct of the war effort on the home front.

An apprehension that an invasion was imminent was widespread and so the Forest  miners collectively took their responsibilities seriously and continued to work flat out. The FDMA continued to do everything in its power to maintain and improve the output of coal and at the same time sought to ensure the continuation of safety provisions and the protection of wages and conditions of its members.

In May 1940, it was announced that Lightmoor colliery was to close mainly because of the exhaustion of the coal seams and the drift of men from the colliery to the wartime factories.  The output at this time was only 118 tons a day. Most of the 172 men were absorbed in the Crawshay’s other collieries, Eastern United and Northern United. The last wagon of coal to leave the pit was dispatched on 5 June.

The government was concerned that more miners would leave the industry to find better-paid work elsewhere. As a result, in June 1940, the government introduced a regulation preventing miners from seeking alternative employment and preventing the conscription of unemployed miners.[42]

Dunkirk

The MFGB conference in July 1940 was probably the bleakest in its history and had only one concern; the defeat of the British army at Dunkirk and the success of the Nazi military forces in Europe.

Williams was elected to represent some of the smaller regions on the MFGB Executive Council and as a result, worked closely with Horner and other left-wing members of the Executive. in developing a strategy on how to respond.  On 16 July 1940, the SWMF and FDMA jointly presented the following resolution to the conference which was proposed by Horner and seconded by Williams:

This Conference of the Mineworkers’ Federation of Great Britain deplores the situation in which the British people find themselves largely in consequence of the policy pursued by the Chamberlain Government; a policy which has resulted in strengthening the potential enemies of Britain whilst weakening the forces who had common interests with us in preventing aggression. The Conference pledges itself to do everything within its power to assist in maintaining the freedom of the British people and to ensure that neither occupation of British territory nor capitulation to the forces of aggression shall take place. It considers it fundamental and essential to success in this effort that all those who, led by Chamberlain, pursued the policy which has created this situation shall now be retired from all offices in the Government so that a Government more representative of the people of this country shall be installed forthwith.[43]

The motion provoked a long and heated debate with the main point of contention being that the resolution could be interpreted as a motion of no confidence in the government. In the end, the conference agreed to a similar but weaker motion which did not explicitly criticise Chamberlain or the government.

One result of the French armistice was a contraction in the demand for export coal from France. Nationally the number of men employed in the mines decreased and, in some areas such as South Wales, there was significant unemployment and poverty.  As a result, in October 1940, despite objections from the MFGB, the government removed the restrictions on the conscription of unemployed miners and any miner who was surplus to requirements. Consequently, more skilled men were lost to the mining industry.

Demand for Coal

1941 was characterised by the increasing crisis in the mining industry as shortages of coal became a concern and demands upon the labour force grew. The conversion to a war economy led to an expansion of demand for coal by the munitions industries while at the same time, miners were drifting away from the industry into work with much better pay and conditions such as munitions. The pressure on the workforce to increase productivity led to discontent and, in some cases, strikes.

The MFGB was very concerned about how the crisis in the production of coal would impact the war effort. In December 1940, the MFGB requested that the Labour Party and TUC consider supporting their demand for the nationalisation of the mines arguing that a nationalised industry with good pay and conditions was needed to retain the workforce. However, on 31 January, the TUC and Labour Party rejected this suggestion but decided to promote a scheme of national control in which the mines remained in private ownership but their finances were controlled by the government.[44]

In early 1941, the Ministry of Labour established  National Service Tribunals for the coal mining industry in each district to decide which men should be retained in the mines or released to the munitions industry or military.  In the Forest of Dean, the Tribunal was made up of J E Rees, from University College, Cardiff as Chairman with Percy Moore and David Lang as the employers’ representatives and Williams and William Jenkins as the FDMA representatives.[45] In most cases, only young inexperienced miners and unemployed miners from districts affected by the decline in the export trade were released.

Food

One of the tasks of the District Councils was to set up Food Committees to monitor the distribution of food. These committees were made up of retailers and consumers including miners and miners’ wives.

One of the issues impacting productivity in the mining industry was the shortage of food for the miners, in particular sugar and cheese. This was acknowledged on 4 January 1941 when the West Dean Food Committee heard complaints from miners’ wives that they could not get suitable food for their husband’s packed lunches. The discussion arose after the announcement by the Divisional Food Officer, L P Hullett, that permits issued for extra sugar for miners were to be withdrawn even though permits were still available for local tin plate workers.[46] The Chairman, L C Porter said:

They have to get coal for steam. Without steam, you cannot generate electricity, and without electricity, you cannot have munitions. The miners must, therefore, be properly cared for.[47]

It was reported by Thomas Phillips, a miner from Princess Royal, that there was discontent at his colliery over the removal of permits for sugar and the scarcity of cheese. He said, as far as the miners were concerned, the situation was very serious. Miner’s wife, Cindonia Clutterbuck from Bream, said: “They cannot possibly realise what the life and the running of a miner’s home really is”. Porter pointed out that munition factories have canteens where the workers can get good cheap food in addition to their rations and this is not available to miners in the Forest of Dean. It was agreed to raise the matter with Morgan Philips Price, the local Labour MP, and the Ministry of Food.[48]

The issue of food for miners came up again at the West Dean Food Committee meeting on 6 February 1941 when it was revealed that munitions workers were getting extra rations of meat in their canteens.  Clutterbuck claimed that no cheese had been available in the Bream area for three weeks. This was of particular concern as cheese was the staple food for miners’ packed meals. Despite this, it was reported to the meeting that an application by the Committee for cheese to be made available to miners was turned down by the Ministry of Food in Bristol.[49] This situation was aggravated by the increase in the cost of food and the cost of living had gone up by 42 points by February 1941.

Absenteeism

Resentment among miners was exacerbated when, on 28 March 1941, accusations of slacking and absenteeism were made by an anonymous local colliery owner in the Dean Forest Mercury. The managing director of another Forest of Dean colliery company claimed that men are avoiding working a full week to evade paying income tax and added: “The fact is that they do not want to work a full week”.[50]

However, the managing director of another Forest colliery company said absenteeism was a problem but no worse than before the war. He claimed that illness, accident and voluntary absence from work at his group of pits was running at about 13 per cent and of these, about 6 per cent had a just cause such as holidays, lack of equipment, etc. He added that the main problem was the migration of skilled miners to other industries.[51]  A spokesman for the miners replied that the accusation:

that men are deliberately losing time and thereby reducing their wages so as to avoid paying income tax is too absurd to be treated seriously.[52]

Essential Work Orders

The government was reluctant to increase its control of the coal industry and attempted to solve the crisis in productivity by placing restrictions on the movement of workers out of the coal industry. In March 1941, the government introduced an Essential Work Order (EWO) which placed a statutory requirement on all skilled workers to register and tied workers to jobs considered essential for the war effort such as munitions and agriculture. The EWO empowered the Ministry of Labour to prevent workers from leaving the industry without permission and to direct skilled workers to wherever they were most needed. The EWO made persistent absentees the subject of the discipline of the National Service Officer. On 8 April, the government announced the mining industry would be subject to EWOs.

The authorities continued to cite absenteeism as one of the main causes of falling output in the coal industry and applied increasing pressure on the local production committees to resolve this issue. The EWO empowered the authorities to impose a fine of up to £100 or three months imprisonment and the removal of the exemption from military conscription status on any miner found to be guilty of persistent absenteeism without just cause.

The accusation that absenteeism was the source of low productivity did not stand up to scrutiny because attendance was rising. The main cause was falling productivity in the older coalfields where conditions were poor and lacked investment, such as the Forest of Dean, which was not offset by rising productivity in the more productive regions.

Also, behind the statistics lay the legacy of the inter-war years. The labour force was getting older. Some miners were disabled and suffering from lung disease and unable to work the long hours expected of them resulting in sickness and absenteeism. The Dean Forest Mercury was regularly reporting the deaths of middle-aged miners from silicosis. In May 1941, the Forest of Dean Coroner reported:

These cases are inevitable in coal mining districts and I am afraid there will be many more.[53]

Deaths from silicosis in the Forest of Dean reported in the local newspapers in 1941

Name Age Date of Inquest Home Colliery
Alfred Henry Cole 58 April 1941 Bream Princess Royal
Check for another one
William Leyshon 62 Sept 1941 Cinderford Eastern

 

Moreover, the population was declining in the mining areas and most miners were reluctant to let their children go down the pits.  Accusations by the authorities and in the media that the miners were not pulling their weight led to resentment and discontent within the mining communities throughout the country.

At the MFGB conference in May 1941, the delegates initially opposed the EWO scheme arguing it was a form of ‘statutory slavery’. Then they agreed to support the scheme on condition the government consider their request for a Joint National Board to cover all problems facing the industry, a guaranteed weekly wage and the end of non-unionism. The government failed to respond and, under protest, the conference finally agreed to accept the scheme unconditionally.

New Fancy

One of the oldest of the large collieries in the Forest of Dean was New Fancy and it was the last large house coal colliery in the Forest of Dean.  It was likely that Thomas Deakin, who was the owner of New Fancy, was one of the colliery owners mentioned above who complained about absenteeism because, in May 1941, he threatened to close New Fancy unless productivity increased and absenteeism was reduced. Deakin claimed that absenteeism at New Fancy over the past four months was running at about 15 per cent, including voluntary and non-voluntary absenteeism. [54]

However, he failed to mention that its output was steadily declining because many of the better-accessed seams had been worked out, the work conditions were very poor and he had made little investment in the pit which could have improved productivity. House coal colliers were highly skilled and used to working in difficult conditions and many of these men were approaching the end of their working lives. As a result, Deakin was having problems recruiting and maintaining a skilled workforce and, because of the conditions, absenteeism was higher than in the other pits. On top of this about half of absenteeism was not voluntary but due to other reasons such as holidays, disputes, machinery breakdown, lack of tubs, etc

The issue of absenteeism was not confined to the Forest of Dean and had become a national issue. As a result, the MFGB made an agreement with colliery owners that a bonus of 1s a shift for men and 6d for boys should be paid to men working a full week. The scheme would be introduced across the country at the beginning of June. William Lawther, the President of the MFGB, stated the agreement included a provision that if a man was absent due to illness (confirmed by a medical certificate), an accident or having to attend to trade union duties, air raid warden or home guard duties then this should not affect the bonus.  However, he added:

The man who stayed away from work without good reason should be dealt with. The miners realised that every ton of coal was required for the war effort.[55]

At the same time, an appeal was made to the district production committees to increase output to prevent a shortage of fuel for the war effort and civilian population in the winter.[56] Also, the government announced that the recent agreement that workers in most industries should take a week’s holiday did not apply to miners who were expected to work throughout the summer without a break. However, in the Forest, Williams, the FDMA and the pit production committees made it clear that they would refuse to get involved with disciplining their own members over absenteeism. 

Strike at Princess Royal Colliery

The Forest miners continued to work long hours to support the war effort. Some Forest miners had already agreed to work on Sunday night to prepare the coalface for the next day so Monday morning could become an ordinary coal-producing shift.  The matter of voluntarily working a sixth shift on Saturday afternoon was put to a ballot with a recommendation from the FDMA Executive to accept the proposal. Consequently, most Forest miners voted to accept the proposal but only on the basis that it was voluntary..

As a result, the FDMA made an agreement with Princess Royal and Norchard managers that an extra shift would be worked and paid at a rate of time and a half. It was agreed that working the sixth shift should be voluntary and the FDMA pit committee would endeavour to encourage full attendance. Despite the efforts of the FDMA, the agreement was only partially successful as there tended to be higher levels of absenteeism on this shift compared to others. 

On the evening of Thursday 19 June, miners at Princess Royal Colliery walked out on an unofficial lightning strike over the payment of the new one-shilling attendance bonus which the management claimed was dependent on working the Saturday afternoon shift. The miners claimed that because they had made an agreement with the managers that working the Saturday afternoon shift was voluntary then their absence on that shift should not disqualify them from getting the bonus. The FDMA representatives at the pit immediately contacted Williams who advised the men to return to work and agreed to negotiate with the managers over the matter of the bonus. However, the men decided to stay out on strike.

Williams and a deputation of Princess Royal miners met Percy Moore, the managing director, on Friday morning but could not get an agreement. Williams addressed a mass meeting of the miners later in the day and gained permission from them to negotiate an immediate return to work provided the Princess Royal management agreed to pay the full bonus owed and to refer the dispute to the Conciliation Board. Unfortunately, Moore rejected these demands outright.

On Friday night Williams received a phone call from the Mines Department urging him to do everything in his power to bring about a settlement. It is likely that Moore also received a similar phone call as the next morning he invited Williams to meet him at Old Dean Hall. Moore agreed on a compromise which involved the ending of the Saturday afternoon shift and made some proposals involving arbitration. Williams responded by agreeing to discuss these with the pit committee and FDMA Executive on Sunday morning.

Williams met Moore again at noon on Sunday when a settlement was negotiated which meant that the Saturday afternoon shift would be abolished and the question of the bonus owed to the men would be referred to arbitration. Later in the day, Williams put the proposed agreement to a mass meeting of Princess Royal miners at Knockley Wood, which was presided over by Harry Morgan from the Princess Royal pit committee. The meeting was also attended by the FDMA Executive members and addressed by Arthur Horner and W J Sadler (President and Vice-President of the SWMF) and William Jenkins from Cannop. The men agreed to the proposal and returned to work Monday morning. Subsequently, the management agreed to pay the bonus owed to them.[57]

Williams told the Dean Forest Mercury that in his view abolishing the Saturday shift would increase productivity as the men needed time to recover over the weekend and that:

The company made a mistake in withholding the bonus. If they thought that the men were not entitled to it, they should have referred it to the machinery set up for dealing with disputes like this. The Company miscalculated very badly in the whole affair.[58]

No one was prosecuted for taking the strike action mainly because the government did not want to inflame the situation. However, the problems associated with shortages of skilled labour and an ageing and exhausted workforce continued to impact productivity.

Five Point Programme 

On Monday 23 June 1941, Bevin announced that he was introducing a five-point programme to increase the production of coal. He added that about 690,000 miners were employed at present and another 50,000 were needed to increase production but argued that there was no need for miners to be returned from the military.  The five points included:

  • Management to concentrate on maximum production.
  • Absenteeism must stop and those not pulling their weight could have their exemption withdrawn.
  • Men available in mining districts must be taken back into the industry.
  • Ex-miners working in other industries must be returned to the pits.
  • No more miners to be called up.[59]

The MFGB and FDMA agreed to cooperate but added that it would be necessary to release skilled miners from the armed forces to increase production. In July 1941, Bevin introduced compulsory registration at employment exchanges of ex-coalminers who had been employed in the industry since 1935 with the view of sending them back to work in the mines.

Holidays

The Mines Department continued to press the miners to work through their holiday and to work six shifts a week which included Saturday afternoon.[60] On 4 July 1941, the local colliery owners met with the FDMA Executive who agreed to try and persuade the miners to give up their one week’s holiday provided they were given an extra allowance of 1s 7d a day. After the meeting, the FDMA Executive met with the men and recommended they accept this proposal. However, in a ballot, most of the lodges turned the proposal down insisting on taking their full week’s holiday as was their right.[61]

The issue was discussed again at a meeting of the FDMA Executive on Monday 21 July chaired by William Ellway who represented Norchard on the Executive Committee.[62] The Executive was aware of the discontent among his members about the hours they were being asked to work and the pressure they were under and so Williams issued this statement to the local papers:

The miners of the Forest of Dean are entitled to a holiday each year under the terms of their agreement with owners.[63]

In addition, the men rejected another attempt by the local colliery owners to make it compulsory to work six afternoon shifts a week. Concerning this request, Williams said:

As far as the Forest of Dean is concerned, this meant that the workmen are being asked to work Saturday afternoon shifts. The workmen’s representatives submitted that a ballot on this subject had been taken last year and the workmen had rejected the proposal flatly. The experiment of working six shifts had been tried at Princess Royal Colliery and it proved a failure: in fact, production decreased. The workmen’s representatives, therefore, rejected the idea of six afternoon shifts.[64]

The FDMA had agreed to encourage more miners to work on Sunday night to prepare the faces so that there could be full production on the Monday morning shift. At Eastern United, where some miners were working on Sunday nights, the issue of the loss of bonus for missing a shift came up again. The reason was that sometimes miners missed the shift because the bus conveying them to work did not turn up.  As a result, on 25 July, members of the FDMA Executive met to discuss the issue and this was followed by a mass meeting of Eastern United workers at Soudley Camp, where Wallace Jones announced that:

If the bus does not run you will not lose that wretched attendance bonus.[65]

On the same day members of the FDMA Executive, representatives of the owners of the main Forest of Dean collieries and representatives from Bristol and Somerset coalfields met in Gloucester with Andrew Duncan, the President of the Board of Trade to discuss issues connected to production targets and the shortage of coal.

The FDMA representatives were Wiliams, Harry Morgan (finance officer), Wallace Jones (Eastern), Elton Reeks (Princess Royal), Ray Jones (New Fancy), Frank Mathews (Cannop), John Harper (Waterloo), William Ellway (Norchard) and Harry Hale and C Brain (District Representatives).[66] The issue under discussion was the acute shortage of coal and a strategy for increasing production.[67]

Duncan continued to press the FDMA Executive to persuade the men to give up their one-week holiday and work extra shifts. Williams made it clear the miners needed rest to improve productivity and on Wednesday 30 July, issued the following statement to the local papers:

There is undoubtedly a shortage of coal in the country. At the same time, the miners need a rest very badly. That is a plain fact. The miners of the Forest of Dean gave up the greater part of their holidays last year. This year they intend to take their full holiday. It should be clearly understood that Forest miners are entitled to a week’s holiday under the terms of an agreement with the colliery owners, so they are not taking something which does not belong to them. The public does not realise that many miners with large families going to work on a poor diet and this has been going on for a long time. From about Wednesday in each week until they get their rations many of the workmen go to the pit with plain bread, or with a sandwich made up of bread and lettuce. Mining is exceptionally arduous and this kind of food does not contain enough nourishment to sustain a collier at his work.[68]

Williams went on to compare the situation of miners with those other workers who have canteen facilities adding:

It is extremely annoying to hear miners criticised by those people, who notwithstanding the war, and rationing, are bloated from eating and drinking the best which can be got by them, merely because they have plenty of money to buy what the poor cannot buy. Some of them have not done a stroke of work since the war started.[69]

At a meeting on Thursday 31 July 1941, the owners still refused to come to an agreement with the FDMA Executive over holidays and insisted that it should be left for each colliery to decide if it was to remain open during the holiday week. Williams pointed out to the Dean Forest Mercury that the SWMF had obtained an agreement that the miners should take a week’s holiday and it would be difficult for the FDMA to recommend any other course of action as they were now part of the same district. He went on to issue an instruction to all his members to take a holiday except for those who were needed to maintain the pits.[70]

Total War

On 22 June 1941, Germany launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the most extensive land theatre of war in history. On July 12 1941, the British government and the Soviet Union signed the Anglo-Soviet Agreement which was a formal military alliance committing both countries to assist each other and not to make a separate peace with Germany. The CPGB changed its policy and now through its weight behind the war effort. The invasion impacted miners immediately because it led to increasing demands by the government, trade union leaders and the CPGB to increase coal production and munitions in solidarity with Russia.

Since the Anglo-Soviet pact, the strength of the CPGB both locally and nationally was growing and its national membership was on the way to its peak of 50,000 at the end of the war. Its main strength was within the mining and engineering trade unions, especially in South Wales and Scotland.[71]  Communist officials within the MFGB, such as Horner and Paynter, wielded considerable influence over their members in reducing industrial unrest and pushing for higher productivity.

At this time, a small number of miners in the Forest of Dean, including several members of the FDMA activists, were members of the CPGB. These included Harry Barton, Len Harris and Tim Ruck from Cinderford and Reuben James and George Everett from West Dean.  Some Labour Party and FDMA members were sympathetic to the communists and organised joint meetings with CPGB, FDMA, SWMF and Labour Party speakers. These included Williams, Ray Jones, William Wilkins, David Organ, Richard Kear, William Ellway and Albert Brookes.

Soon after, on 31 July 1941, the FDMA Executive met and passed the following resolution and asked it to be passed on to the Soviet ambassador in London:

  • The Forest of Dean miners wish to express their deep and sincere admiration of the Red Army and its colossal and magnificent fight against the ruthless Fascist marauders.
  • The Red Army has performed imperishable deeds for the everlasting benefit of the world.
  • The Forest of Dean miners extend to the Russian people their earnest sympathy and ask that you convey these sentiments to the government of the USSR.[72]

Meetings

The leaders of the MFGB toured the country and held public meetings on the issue of how to increase the production of coal for the war effort. In July, a series of meetings arranged by the Ministry of Information were held across the Forest of Dean.

Two meetings were held on Sunday 27 July; the first at the Barn, Cinderford chaired by William Ellway and the second at the Camp, Soudley chaired by Wallace Jones. The speakers were Will Paynter from SWMF Executive and a CPGB member, Charles Gill, the miners’ agent for Bristol, E J Plaisted from Bristol City Council, an ex-South Wales miner who was blacklisted after 1926 and Williams.[73]

Paynter reported that out of 100,000 ex-miners who had been required to register on Bevin’s programme, 25,000 men had volunteered to return to the pits. He warned of the dangers of fascism, the dire situation facing Russia and the need to make an extra effort to increase coal production. Paynter spoke of his own experiences as a miner in South Wales and his involvement in the fight against fascism as a volunteer during the Spanish Civil War. The Gloucester Citizen reported Paynter arguing that:

while they all realised that miners had suffered injustices in the past and were suffering injustices today, they should not do anything to the detriment of the effort that would mean the destruction of Hitler and all he stood for.[74]

Williams said he recognised the importance of coal for the war effort but spoke up in defence of his members. He argued that the miners in the Forest of Dean were working at their maximum potential and could not produce more coal without extra manpower. He suggested returning men from the military back to the pits, better organisation in the pits and nationalising the mines. He added that only 100 out of about 200 ex-miners from the Forest working in other industries had returned to the pits.[75]

Pay and Conditions

The issue of the attendance bonus had been causing problems in other districts and as a result, on 4 September 1941, the MFGB obtained an agreement with the owners that the condition of full attendance attached to the bonus would be dispensed with. However, the MFGB accepted a provision that the production committees ensure that measures are taken against any individual whose conduct mitigates against the maximum production of coal.[76]

On Monday 6 October, the FDMA Executive met with the colliery owners to discuss pay and conditions. Williams told the Dean Forest Mercury that under pressure the owners had conceded a district pay rise to the lower-paid men including trammers, drivers, fillers, train attendants, conveyor loaders and landers, horse drivers and bond riders. The increase was from 4s 10.5d per shift to 5s 3d per shift.

The FDMA Executive also achieved an agreement with the employers that a dispute committee be set up made up of two worker and two employer representatives. In addition, the FDMA obtained an agreement for an increase in rates for injured workmen. The Executive put in a claim for an increase in holiday pay, but the owners decided to defer the matter to give their decision later. [77] In the last quarter of 1941, all miners were receiving a cost of living addition of 2s 8d plus the attendance bonus of 1s above the minimum rates in the district agreements.[78]

Canteens and Baths

The FDMA had been campaigning for the installation of pit head baths and canteens for many years, arguing that this would take the pressure off the work done by miners’ wives. However, the issue of pit head baths and adequate food for miners had been rumbling on for a while. Cannop was the only colliery that provided a canteen and pit head baths. In July 1942, the miners discovered they had an ally in the local GP, Dr W H Tandy, who had raised the matter of the quality of food available to the miners in the columns of the Dean Forest Mercury.[79] 

The matter was taken up by Philips Price who raised the subject with the Ministry of Food who informed him that they were in the process of consulting with the Ministry of Mines about proposals to install canteens and pit head baths across the coalfields with finance from the Miners’ Welfare Fund.[80] Consequently, the Ministry of Supply and the Ministry of Food negotiated an agreement with the Forest of Dean colliery owners to provide canteens at all the main collieries with funding for the buildings and equipment from the Miners’ Welfare Committee. The plan was that miners would be provided with nutritious food such as meat sandwiches, pasties and pork pies supplied by the Ministry of Food, although it would take some years before it was fully implemented.[81]

Princess Royal was the second pit in the Forest to build pit head baths and the opening ceremony was planned for Saturday 20 September 1941. However, in early September, a dispute arose between the FDMA and the baths committee of the colliery over the terms and conditions of employment of the two bath attendants. The attendants had asked the Princess Royal pit committee and FDMA to intervene on their behalf to negotiate trade union terms and conditions. However, the baths committee refused to meet with the pit committee and then employed two other attendants in the place of the original two workers whose offer of employment was cancelled.[82] On 18 September 1941, Williams issued a statement outlining the history of the case and ended it as follows:

The Miners’ Executive requests all members to refrain from attending the opening of the Baths as a protest the refusal of the Baths Committee to meet the Union representatives.[83]

A picket was placed across the gate of the pit on the day of the opening ceremony. As a result, the event was only attended by representatives of the colliery owners and other Forest dignitaries with only a handful of miners.[84] On 29 February 1943, a canteen was opened at Northern United and the FDMA continued to campaign for pithead baths and canteens at all the collieries.

William Jenkins

In the Autumn, FDMA member William Jenkins who worked at Cannop was appointed by the government to the full-time post of Labour Supply Inspector for the mining industry in the Forest of Dean. His job involved liaising between the Department of Employment and the collieries to ensure the efficient use and distribution of labour. His principal duties were to examine demands for skilled labour including training and the redistribution of miners within the coalfield training.

Deakin was still having problems recruiting and maintaining the workforce at New Fancy and absenteeism was higher than in the other pits.[85] In November, a dispute arose over a proposal to transfer fifty men from Cannop to other Forest collieries including twenty men to New Fancy. Unfortunately, this was arranged between William Jenkins and O G Oakley, the manager of Cannop, without consulting the workmen’s representatives on the District Coal Production Committee. Williams was furious and released a statement to the press which said:

It is the function of the District Coal Production Committee to make allocations of workmen to the collieries in this district which need the men most. Therefore, I at once made a protest to the Committee on behalf of the workmen that a fait accompli had been presented and that before anything was done on this matter it should have been brought before the local Coal Production Committee. I warned the Committee that this action would cause considerable resentment among the workmen and this view was echoed by the whole of the workmen’s side of the Production Committee.[86]

Williams said that this had caused considerable unrest and there would be a mass meeting on Sunday to discuss the matter. The issue brought to the surface the feeling among miners that their knowledge and experience of the local industry were being ignored and there was little consultation over production policy. The authorities still refused to entertain the idea that the drop in productivity was due to the loss of skilled miners from the industry and continued to blame the shortage of coal on the miners and absenteeism.

In December, the authorities gave the pit production committees the authority to report any miner who was absent from work without just cause to the National Service Officer who had the power to prosecute or conscript the men into the military. However, this task was intensely disliked by the miners’ representatives on the committees who claimed they would prefer to spend their time dealing with issues of production.[87]

Prosecutions

In the three months ending 6 November 1941, about twenty thousand ex-miners had returned to British pits.  As the winter approached, the authorities made further attempts to track down ex-miners some of whom had left the industry years ago due to unemployment, poor conditions and low pay. If they were found, the Department of Labour sent them letters requesting them to report to a particular colliery, sometimes with only a few days’ notice.

Some of these men had health problems and were reluctant to transfer back to an industry with hazardous and unhealthy work conditions. There was the added problems of a possible wage cut and having to move home. One man in the Forest of Dean complained: “I don’t even have any pit boots!”[88] Not surprisingly some men refused to comply and so were brought before the courts.

In one case before the Coleford Police Court, William Jones (33) from Coleford, failed to comply with a direction given by the Ministry for Labour to return to work at Princess Royal Colliery. Jones worked as an aircraft fitter and left Cannop colliery in 1937 because of ill health and irregular employment. He had applied to join the RAF but was turned down due to his medical condition. He had registered with the Department of Labour as an ex-collier as required but on the advice of his employer had ignored the instruction to return to Princess Royal. The court decided there were mitigating circumstances and his case would be referred to the Ministry of Labour.[89]

In another case, George Chamberlain (31) of Cinderford was directed by the Ministry of Labour to return to work at New Fancy Colliery. Chamberlain had ten years of experience as a collier. When he was asked to justify his failure to comply, he could not make himself understood because his speech impediment was so bad. His representative from the Transport and General Workers Union explained that his client had a deep fear of the pit owing to the early death of his father from lung disease. The magistrates directed that Chamberlain should immediately start work at New Fancy.[90]

On 30 December 1941, Lewis Simmonds was killed at Waterloo Colliery

 Discontent

During the winters of 1941 and 1942, the danger of severe coal shortages became acute, and the gap between estimated consumption and estimated production widened. The EWO had not provided enough extra manpower, and discontent rumbled through the coalfields over the conditions in the pits and the pressure on miners to increase productivity.

On 9 January 1942, miners at Betteshanger Colliery in Kent struck over allowances for working difficult seams. The Ministry of Labour decided to prosecute 1,050 miners for contravening the Emergency Powers Act. Three local union officials were imprisoned, some of the strikers were fined £3 each and a thousand other miners were fined £1 each. The Betteshanger miners continued their strike and other Kent pits came out in sympathy. On 28 January, the managers gave in to their demands and in February the Home Secretary dropped the prison sentences. By May, only 9 miners had paid their fines and, in the end, most fines were never paid. Kent was not alone and in the first three weeks of May 1942, there were eighty-six unofficial strikes across the British coalfields involving 58,000 men.[91]

On 24 January 1942 William Thomas, age 35, was killed at Eastern United colliery

Threat of Industrial Action

In January 1942, Williams had to deal with the threat of industrial action at Eastern United. The dispute had its roots in the butty system which was abolished in 1938. An account of how the butty system worked in the Forest of Dean is provided on this website under the section on articles.[92]  In cases of teams working on piece work, it was still normal for one person to be responsible for the place of work and to collect a joint wage packet for the team to share on an equitable basis. The problem was that it was unclear how much money any individual was being paid or whether the butty system had continued in some form or another with the money not being shared equally.[93]

In addition, this arrangement caused problems with income tax since there was no record of actual earnings by any individual miner working in the hewing team. Consequently, some members of the team may have been paying more or less tax than they should. Also, injury compensation was based on earnings and if the company had no record of actual earnings, then the benefit would be difficult to calculate.

As a result, on 31 December 1941, in response to requests from its members mainly in the West Dean pits, the FDMA presented a proposal to the colliery owners that in future all the workmen should be given a separate wage packet setting out their earnings and deductions individually. The owners agreed but on the condition that the extra clerical work would mean payday being put back by two days. On 16 January 1942, some men at Northern United and Eastern complained about the new arrangement and at Eastern, this led to a threat of strike action. Williams was appalled and issued a statement which included the following text:

Fellow Workmen. For some time now an agitation has been on foot among you and there has been some talk of going on strike, and a lot of talk about taking a ballot on the settlement reached between the coal owners and the Miners’ Executive on the miners’ demand that each workman should be given a separate pay packet. I am ashamed that there are miners to be found who are so short-sighted, and in some cases so mean, as to associate themselves with this stupid agitation.[94]

The increasing authority of the FDMA meant that Williams was able to prevent an unnecessary strike and from now all the workmen would receive individual wage packets. In addition, in February 1942, Williams negotiated an agreement with the owners that all miners would now be required to become members of the FDMA.

Deakin

Meanwhile, the threat of closure still loomed over New Fancy colliery and it was anticipated that the men would be given notice of termination of their employment on Saturday 14 March 1942. Deakin announced that the pit was still short of about forty men and the problems of absenteeism had continued. He said it was necessary to produce about 220 tons of coal a day to maintain profitability and now it was only producing about 160 tons a day. Williams responded:

During the past month, there had been a considerable amount of illness and furthermore, some of the men had been working seven and eight shifts a week and probably finding themselves unable to keep it up had a day’s rest; that sent up the percentage. We shall do everything that lies within our power to keep the pit open.[95]

Ray Jones, the FDMA Executive member for the New Fancy, produced a report on the situation at the pit.  Williams used this information to make a case for keeping the pit open to the SWMF and the Mines Department. Consequently, on 12 March, Deakin announced that he would keep the pit open for the time being.

Government Control

At the end of March 1942, a series of meetings were held by the Labour Party where speakers argued for the government to take control of the mining industry. On the afternoon of 29 March, Jim Griffiths, the MP for Llanelli, and Philips Price spoke at meetings in Bream presided over by Alan Beaverstock who worked as a roadman at Princess Royal. A similar meeting was held at Yorkley presided over by Charles Luker, an ex-miner who was now County Councillor and agent for the Forest of Dean Labour Party.[96] Philips Price argued:

The coal industry has been mismanaged, men have drifted from it, and it is clear that the industry should have been taken over by the State, and as the Labour Party has urged, controlled by the State.[97]

Griffiths went on to argue that it was no surprise that many skilled miners had left the industry over the last twenty years considering how they had been treated and no wonder they were reluctant to return to work for the same owners. He explained the Labour Party was not asking for immediate nationalisation but for a National Board to take control, as opposed to ownership of the industry, to provide for the needs of the war effort. He said the Board would consist of both owner and MFGB representatives as well as government-appointed technical experts. He added that each area should have a District Board acting under the direction of the National Board. He added:

Miners feel that a proper status must be given to the industry and that there should be some recognition of their sacrifices which they are only too willing to make in this hour of the country’s need.[98]

In a House of Commons debate on 19 May 1942, Arthur Greenwood the leader of the opposition and deputy leader of the Labour Party was more blunt:

The palsied hand of vested interests and the old-fashioned methods which so many people in the mining industry still cling to so very tenaciously must be removed if the men in and about the mines are to be enabled to put the whole of their weight into and to pull all their strength for the national cause.[99]

The output of coal continued to fall and so in May 1942, the government decided that 7,000 miners should be brought back into the coal industry from the military and another 4,000 more should be recalled from the munitions industry and civil defence.

On 22 May 1942, Alfred Bayliss, age 65, was killed at Eastern United colliery

In addition, in June 1942, the government published a White Paper which set out its proposals for a greater role for the state in the coal industry. The Ministry of Fuel and Power was to be established and the coal industry was to be organised with a National Board and eight Regional Boards. Financial ownership was to remain with the colliery companies and their managers were to remain responsible for the day-to-day operation of the mines. However, overall industrial responsibility was to lie with the Regional Controller, sensitive to the distinctive problems of the different areas, advised by technical experts and answerable to a national authority.[100]

This did not fulfil the nationalisation aims of the MFGB but did allow a greater say in the running of the industry by its members. In September 1942, CPGB member Harry Barton was appointed as the FDMA representative on the Welsh Regional Board under the Ministry of Fuel and Power.[101] Horner was selected to represent miners in South Wales, Forest of Dean, Bristol, and Somerset on the National Board which held its first meeting in December 1942.[102]

The Greene Award

The industrial strength of the MFGB was growing.  However, many miners continued to compare their wages with those being paid in munitions and, as a result, there were outbreaks of strikes across the nation’s coalfields. In response, a special board of investigation called the Greene Board was set up and, after hearing the case put forward by the MFGB, it conceded the claims for a national minimum wage and a general increase in wages. As a result, on 18 June 1942, the government announced all mine workers over 21 and all underground workers over 18 were to be awarded an increase of 2s 6d a day. Also, a minimum of £4 3s a week or 13s 10p a shift was awarded to all underground workers over the age of 21 years.

The total estimated cost was £23,500,000, and the Government raised this by authorising an increase of 25s a ton in the retail price of coal. The government also set up a Coal Charges Account into which all the colliery companies were required to pay a flat-rate levy on each ton of coal raised with the view of spreading the increasing costs of coal production during the war. The Account allowed the government to pay a guaranteed profit to the colliery owners including those in districts where profitability was low. In addition, the government could draw on the Account to finance pay awards. This was similar to the pool scheme which operated during World War One up to the 1921 Lock Out. It meant that low-productivity districts like the Forest of Dean, Cumberland, Kent Durham and South Wales were subsidised by the higher productivity districts like Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire.

This was an important settlement because the government had conceded the demand from the MFGB that wages should be determined nationally.  In an interview with the Gloucester Citizen, Williams explained how the increases in colliery workers’ pay would affect the Forest men and presented the folowing figures:

The new minimum rates in the Forest of Dean.[103]

Grade Old Rate New Rate
Collier (Hewer) 12s 5d 14s 11d
Trammers 11s 5d 13s 11d
Surface Labourer 10s 9d 13s 3d
Roadmen and Repairers 14s 6d

One of the consequences of this development was that the MFGB felt confident it could negotiate a new national agreement and pursue its demand for nationalisation. As a result, it sought to change its structure to correspond with the new reality. In July 1942, a delegate conference passed a resolution in support of a change of structure from a federation of district unions to a single national union for all workers in the coalfield.[104]

Work Conditions

The problem for ordinary miners, particularly young men, was that poor management practices continued at a local level. Managers were under increasing pressure to send men to work seams in adverse and sometimes dangerous conditions. As a result, young men were sometimes being asked to work in difficult places and subject to bullying and victimisation.

In addition, it was often the case that miners carrying out arduous work and suffering from fatigue took time out without obtaining a medical certificate from a doctor and then were accused of being absent from work without a just cause. In such cases, it was difficult for the managers to ascertain if the stated reasons for absenteeism were genuine and this also could lead to victimisation.

In one case, in July 1942, the court heard that George White from Coleford and Charles Thomas from Wigpool ignored three summonses to return to work as trammers at Cannop. Both men complained they had been expected to work in places with water up to their waists. The court decided that it would ask the National Service Officer to remove their status as reserved workers meaning they could be called up by the military.[105]

In another case, the magistrates heard that Sidney Pritchard (19) of Ruardean Hill had only worked 6 shifts out of 107 and then failed to turn up for a medical examination for National Service. He complained that he was sick and then he could not get on with the men at work. He was fined £1 and ordered to pay the costs £4 4s and ordered to attend a medical examination.[106]

On 3 July 1942, Harold Jenkins was killed at Eastern United colliery.

Death at Cannop

On 28 September 1942, Alfred Smith, who was working at Cannop colliery, was killed by a huge bell of rock that fell from the roof fracturing his skull. As a result, a section of the men returned home out of respect for the dead man which was an established practice. However, the men were outraged after the Cannop management and Regional Coal Controller wrote to Williams to complain about the loss of production.

In response, on Sunday 23 October, the FDMA organised a mass meeting of Cannop miners at Broadwell Church Hall. Most of the workforce attended and the men were excused from their home guard duties for the day. Williams said he fully supported the men and recognised they were motivated by a desire to show their final respect to their comrade. He informed the press that the meeting had passed the following resolution:

That in future should a fatal accident occur, the workmen will continue at their work, except in the district in which the accident has taken place. This is in accordance with the agreement made between the Miners’ Executive and the owners in February 1941.[107]

The meeting agreed that in any future accident, all the men would donate 1s and the boys 6d to the widow of the deceased. Williams sharply criticised the Cannop management for sending twenty men home a few days after the death for being a little late for work which had also caused a loss of production.

Labour Supply

In September 1942, the government created an option that any young man under 25 who was eligible for military service should be given the option of volunteering for pit work instead. This only served to increase resentment among miners who were angry at the government’s assumption that unskilled men could mine coal. However, in the end, very few men decided to take up this option preferring the dangers of the military to the conditions they would face in the pits.[108] Nevertheless, the manpower in the coal industry continued to decline and the MFGB continued to argue that all the skilled miners serving with the military should return to the pits.

The FDMA and the pit production committees refused to get involved with issues of disciplining its own members over absenteeism. As a result, in September 1942 the task was transferred to newly appointed Regional Investigation Officers. In the Forest of Dean, this responsibility was given to William Jenkins as part of his role as Labour Supply Inspector. Jenkins now had the authority to refer cases to the National Service officer who could then bring them before the courts.

The first case in the country under this new arrangement was in the Forest of Dean. William Gwilliam (age 21) of Coleford, was fined £4 on each of three charges and 21s costs by the Coleford magistrates on Tuesday 17 November.  Gwilliam claimed his absence was down to ill health and complained about having to work in stagnant water. William Jenkins, representing the Ministry of Fuel and Power, said he formed the opinion, after interviewing the defendant, that he was not particularly concerned about his absenteeism and its effect. The chairman (Major Percival) said: “If the man won’t work, better somewhere else”.[109]

Wasted Away

Deaths from silicosis reported in local newspapers in 1942

Name Age Home Colliery
Philip Cooper 59 Feb 1942 Cinderord Eastern
Edward Brobyn 69 Nov 1942 Popes Hill Lightmoor
William Short 66 May 1942 Cinderford Crawshay

During the inquest of Edward Brobyn at the Coroners Court, the pathologist reported that Brobyn’s body was like that of an elderly and wasted man and the lungs showed advanced silicosis. The Dean Forest Mercury reported that:

Before the illness, Mr Brobyn was of extraordinary fine physique and possessed remarkable strength. He had wasted away to a mere skeleton of his former self. For many years he walked to work at Lightmoor colliery leaving sunrise cottage his pleasant Popes Hill home at 4.30 every working morning and arriving with exemplary regularity at the pit head by exactly six o’clock. He never faltered whatever the weather.[110]

His old workmate, Alfred Roberts, who had worked with Brobyn for many years reported:

The last work he did with him was on road repair at Lightmoor about four years ago. They had worked together on the coalface and had to blow all the coal out with powder. Cutting, drilling and boring had been parts of their daily work for a period of years during which they would be subject to a good deal of coal and stone dust. They had done a lot of coal and stone blasting at Foxes Bridge and Lightmoor and were bound to inhale dust.[111]

On 26 November 1942, Charles Adams, age 56, was killed at Northern United.

On 21 December 1942, Maurice Meek, age 41, was killed at Northern United.

In January 1943, the owners made another attempt to introduce six shifts, this time by proposing the introduction of a Saturday night shift. Williams responded by saying if he thought an extra shift would produce more coal, he would recommend acceptance to his members but the experience at Princess Royal proved that this would reduce output. Also, he argued that a night shift would result in increased absenteeism. As a result, the FDMA Executive rejected the proposal.[112]

The Forest colliery owners continued to antagonise the miners. Williams discovered that in some cases the Forest owners were not paying the Greene award of 2s 6d on all the shifts worked and as a result, he raised the issue with the owners. He obtained an agreement that in future the Greene Award would be paid on every shift worked and the men affected would receive a retrospective payment from 18 July 1942. This meant some miners received a significant lump sum extra payment. In addition, Williams obtained an agreement from the owners that all union dues would be deducted from wages at the source.[113]

The Communists

In November 1942, Cinderford CPGB organised a meeting at Bream Miners’ Welfare Hall with Will Paynter as the main speaker and presided over by Len Harris. He argued that:

They must secure the greatest possible national unity between employers and employed and the discussion of grievances subordinated for the desire to obtain victory. Everyman who supported a strike was actually working against his class, against his fellow workers and against the men in the forces.

The CPGB was also instrumental in galvanising support within mining communities for increased productivity in its effort to build solidarity with the Soviet Union and the Red Army. Arthur Horner argued:

There is an irresponsible minority, mainly composed of young men, and others who absent themselves, particularly at weekends. That Irresponsible element bears a heavy responsibility at the present time. If 4.5% who are guilty of voluntary absenteeism today would decide to reduce their absenteeism by only half, this country would have 4 million tons more coal per annum.[114]

Average Percentage of workers absent each shift.[115]

District year Vol Absenteeism Non-Voluntary Total
Forest of Dean 1943 4.5 7.1 12.6
National 1943 4.9 7.3 12.4
Forest of Dean 1945 6.4 9.5 15.9
National 1945 7.2 9.2 16.3

However, the pressure on the miners was relentless and as exhaustion took its toll voluntary absenteeism crept up over the next two years. 

Ray Jones

Williams was very aware of the poor state of the Forest coalfield and the consequences of this for the Forest community with the inevitable drop in demand for coal when the war ended. However, he was determined to keep the pits open and preserve jobs as long as possible. In April 1943, he spoke these prophetic words:

I would not like to say that the Forest of Dean coalfield will be extinct in 20 years, but I have no hesitation in stating that the industry will be of little consequence to this district by that time and may be finished altogether. It is probable that three out of the seven still working will not last more than two years after the end of the war. It is a depressing picture but nothing can be gained from daydreaming on the subject.[116]

On 28 July 1943, Thomas Yemm, age 58 was killed at Northern United.

On 13 September 1943 Robert Pever, age 73 was killed at Princess Royal.

On 27 October 1943, Leslie Jones, age 39, was killed at Cannop.

New Fancy provided a good illustration of the failure of the existing system of control which depended on colliery companies to invest in their pits. On 5 November 1943, the Regional Controller and officials from the Fuel and Power Board met the pit production committee at New Fancy and warned them the pit would have to close because output was unsatisfactory and it was only being kept open by government subsidy. The closure would mean the 300 men employed there would be transferred to other pits. This would be a heavy blow to these men as most lived near the pit and had worked there most of their lives. New Fancy was the last large house coal colliery in the Forest and so the men would have to learn new techniques associated with mining steam coal. [117]

Ray Jones had worked at the pit for 46 years. He was now President of the FDMA and the pit production committee and put up a strong case for keeping the pit open. He argued that there was insufficient coal-cutting equipment at the colliery and if new machinery could be obtained there would be ten more years of work in the colliery on the existing seams which could average 800 to 1000 tons a week. In addition, he argued other seams could be opened up:

If there was no coal at New Fancy, it would be an entirely different matter but there are millions of tons in the present and potential seams which could be worked if proper machinery were made available for us. And for that reason, the Ministry’s decision will be hotly contested and a fight will be put up for the pit’s survival.[118]

His views about the viability of the pit were supported by Williams and Edward Jones from Yorkley who had worked at the pit for 50 years and was an overman at the pit and on the production committee. Albert Cooper from Yorkley, now retired, who had worked the pit for 57 years argued that there are rich seams such as the Brazilly steam coal seam within reach.[119] Williams helped prepare a case for re-organisation of the colliery in conjunction with the SWMF who presented a comprehensive report to the Regional Controller and consequently, the colliery remained open.[120]

Williams was not alone in his frustration at the regional authorities and local managers dismissing the expertise offered by miners on the pit production committees. A statement from a meeting of the South Wales colliery managers that the pit production committees were undermining their authority leading to indiscipline and reduction in output resulted in a flurry of letters to the Western Mail including one from Williams:

Managers have always disliked pit production committees and cannot adapt themselves to sharing responsibility and authority with the workmen. While they have professed to welcome suggestions by the workmen, they have no real stomach for them. It is my belief that the average manager has had no intention of making these committees successful and had quietly undermined their functions. There is no evidence to support the erratic statement that reduction in output is part and parcel of political ramp.[121]

Pneumoconiosis

The SWMF had been campaigning for over ten years for the introduction of compensation for miners suffering from pneumoconiosis which was another lung disease disabling and killing a significant number of miners and impacting all underground workers. The introduction of mechanisation including machine undercutting of the coalface increased the amount of coal dust and the associated pneumoconiosis. The miners called the machines ‘widow-makers’.

The 1943 Workmen’s Compensation Act was the first major piece of legislation to deal with pneumoconiosis.  However, the Act did not provide any medical treatment for miners suffering from the disease. In addition, one of its most significant limitations was the restriction of compensation cases to workers employed in the industry between 1934 and 1942 which excluded those who had become disabled from work in the industry before 1934.

Williams and the FDMA’s first task after the passing of the legislation was to arrange medical examinations of any miner suspected of having pneumoconiosis. If the disease was diagnosed and certified a claim could be made against the colliery company involved at the County Court. A miner could receive compensation either as a lump sum or a weekly payment (based on their previous average earnings) which would be reduced if the miner found alternative work.

The role of the FDMA in improving health and safety in the mines was enhanced in September 1943, when Wallace Jones was appointed as the FDMA representative on the newly established Forest of Dean Safety Board.

Wallace Jones

Despite this, the FDMA often had to take legal action to get compensation. As an example, an award was made by the Judge at the Monmouth County Court for compensation under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, to Charles Milsom Porter from Pillowell, in respect of disablement from pneumoconiosis, while he was working at the Princess Royal Colliery. Porter was certified as disabled in February 1944, and the Judge made an award of compensation at varying amounts from 28 February 1944 based on his average earning of £5 per week.

However, two years later, in July 1946 the Princess Royal Company appealed against the decision on the basis that Porter’s average earnings were below £5 due to absence from work possibly as a result of his illness. While accepting that the illness could have contributed to his absence from work the Judge accepted the appeal and reduced the compensation to an amount based on average earnings of £4 10s a week.[122] 

All miners certified with pneumoconiosis were suspended from employment in the coal industry further reducing the workforce of experienced colliers. The effect on the individual and their family could be devastating in areas like Cinderford where little alternative work was available and the families were often dependent on their compensation, The papers now were reporting cases of Forest of Dean miners dying either from pneumoconiosis or silicosis or where the disease was a contributing factor in a death. The opinion of one Northern United miner, giving a statement some years after the end of the war, was that:

Under private ownership, it was very difficult to get very much compensation. The compensation man at Northern was Harold Fisher. He was responsible to the coal owners for these matters. I understand that benefits were cut to a mere pittance after men in some cases had given their lives to the industry. Ill-health dogged men with the dreaded coal and rock dust disease. I well remember seeing Ski Jordan, a little frail man, who was given the job of whitewashing the manholes and haulage houses. He hardly had enough breath to put one foot in front of the other. Others were given jobs on the screens. What a place to finish a working life![123]

Deaths from silicosis reported in local newspapers in 1942

David John Richard Thomas 48 June 1943 Oldcroft Princess Royal and Norchard
Geoge Brain June 1943 Cinderford Crump Meadow and Lightmoor
Thomas Gwynne Griffiths 58 Oct 1943 Ruardean Waterloo
Miles Henry Barter Smith Dec 1943 Cinderford South Wales

 Bevin Boys

Throughout 1943 at least 20 public meetings were held across the Forest organised by the FDMA, the Labour Party and the CPGB encouraging the miners to increase production. There were differences but they were united on one point summed up by Barton in November 1943:

Coal is the basis of victory and peace … Give the miner a square deal and he will produce enough coal to bury Fascism.[124]

The problem was that the number of miners working in the pits continued to fall. As a result, in December 1943, Bevin introduced compulsory recruitment of men between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five into the mines. One in ten men were selected by a ballot and the conscripts were called Bevin Boys. Only those who were on a list of highly skilled occupations or who had been accepted for aircrew or submarine service were exempt.  Some 21,800 young men became Bevin Boys, alongside 16,000 who opted for coal mining in preference to the forces when they were called up. The scheme lasted until 1948.

However, yet again, the ruling elites revealed their failure to understand the skills required to mine coal and right from the start the scheme met with criticism from the MFGB and some miners not least those chosen to be Bevin Boys many of whom would have preferred to be in the military.

Initially, the boys were sent to training centres such as Haunchwood Colliery in the Midlands, or Oakdale colliery in South Wales. On arriving in the Forest, they had to find lodgings and were required to carry out further training at a site near Cannop colliery which had an underground roadway to practice timbering, etc. Initially, some miners resented their presence in the mines because of their lack of skills, strength, and stamina. In addition, they often needed supervision which sometimes interfered with productive work and could impact piece work rates of pay.

However, the majority of Bevin Boys worked on haulage loading tubs or on conveyor belts with only a few graduating to work on the coal face and, in most cases, they were soon accepted as part of the workforce and community. In the end, most Bevin Boys adapted to their new work conditions but a few found it difficult to cope adding to the absenteeism rates.

Porter Award

On 15 December 1943, the MFGB put in a claim for an increase in the minimum wage to £6 for underground workers and £5 for surface workers to counteract the rise in inflation and to encourage productivity. At the end of December, the SWMF met and heard reports of the further discontent across the coalfield concerning the comparative wages paid to workers in other industries, the failure of the government to take full control of the mining industry and the impact these factors have on levels of production. The SWMF Executive Council issued the following statement:

The Council warns the Mine Owners Association and the Government that further delay in the settlement of the men’s wages claim may have serious effects upon production, and it urges the MFGB to do everything possible to secure a favourable decision at the latest by January 27, the date of the next annual conference.[125]

On 5 January 1944, the National Reference Tribunal (NRT) chaired by Lord Porter commenced an examination of the case for a substantial increase in the national wage rates. The Porter Tribunal’s decision was published on 22 January 1944. The NRT recommended the minimum weekly wage be increased to £5 for all underground workers and £4 10s for all surface workers. Although both amounts were £1 short of the MFGB’s demands they were, nevertheless substantial. The government agreed to finance the increase as a war bonus.

However, the Porter award did not mean that actual rates of pay would rise because it only referred to minimum rates. In fact, by now, the earnings of some miners particularly those on piece rates in the more productive districts were well above the minimum rates.  In addition, the flat rate increases to the minimum wage would significantly reduce the differentials between the higher-earning hewers and the lower-paid labourers and surface workers. Other anomalies had unpredictable implications on miners’ wages because some long-standing extra payments established through custom and practice, such as a coal allowance, were incorporated into the new minimum wage.

Strikes

In some instances, in the lower-paid coalfields, the differentials were wiped out and this caused a severe crisis in industrial relations as unofficial strikes spread across the nation’s coalfields. The MFGB warned that the industrial unrest would continue unless differentials were restored by increasing the pay of piece-rate workers. The government and the MAGB responded by saying that neither would provide the funds to finance this or increase the price of coal to generate the extra cash.

In South Wales, 100,000 miners were involved in unofficial strikes lasting from 6 March to 18 March.[126] There was also trouble in the Forest of Dean resulting from anomalies in the Porter award which resulted in threats of industrial action at Waterloo and a stoppage at Cannop.

One of the conditions of the Porter award was that each miner would have 4s deducted from his wages to cover the coal allowance and this caused considerable resentment in the Forest of Dean. A mass meeting of the workmen at Waterloo colliery on 27 February 1944 passed the following resolution:

We the workmen at Waterloo colliery call upon the agent and the Miners’ Executive to get in touch with the Ministry of Fuel and Power with a view to solving the coal allowance question, and failing satisfaction to take the necessary steps to tender 21 days’ notice.[127]

The FDMA took the case up with the SWMF and Williams issued a statement arguing that they:

were fully in favour of the demand that a 4s a week deduction in respect of allowance coal should be abolished. This deduction is tantamount to a reduction in the miners’ wages since coal allowance has always been part of the wages.[128]

Subsequently, after a meeting with Williams, Horner and Sadler, the Forest colliery owners agreed to make an application to the JNNC and the Ministry to reduce the charge for the coal allowance from 4s to 1s 6d backdated to 23 January 1944.[129]

Cannop Colliery

On Friday 10 March 1944, there was a stoppage at Cannop Colliery. Williams met with the men on Sunday and after resolving the dispute released the following statement:

Last Friday there was a stoppage at Cannop Colliery but this could have been avoided if a wiser course of action had been taken by management. There was some dissatisfaction expressed by some trammers who suffered from anomalies under the Porter award: for example, two men both doing the same job would get two different rates of pay – one would receive £5 and the other £3 15s. The trammers thought that this could be adjusted and held a meeting before going down the pit, but were told by the Union officials that the payments were an award by Lord Porter and were told also that the anomalies were receiving the attention of the Federation.

The Union officials prevailed upon the men to get back to work, but when they got to the pit head, they were a little late and were stopped from going down by the manager: after an interval, the manager came back and told them they could go down, but by this time the men had dispersed, and therefore did not go down.

On Sunday morning I held a meeting with the Cannop workmen at the pit head and the workmen submitted their grievances. At the end of the meeting, it was decided that the case of the trammers should be submitted to the Joint Standing Committee in London and failing settlement a new score price list should be negotiated to bring all the workmen up to at least the minimum.[130]

New Agreement

The stoppages were only a few weeks away from D-Day and Britain could not afford any more disruption in the supply of coal. The government had not foreseen that the anomalies created by the Porter award would lead to so much discontent. As a result, the government decided to fundamentally transform the way wages were paid and, on 24 March, came up with a new set of proposals which involved increasing the rates for piece workers and increasing the day rates for other skilled workers such as the craftsmen.[131]

The problem was that neither the government nor the colliery owners agreed to cover the cost and progress was halted. As a result, 120,000 Yorkshire miners went on strike from 16 March to 11 April.

On 12 April after several weeks of negotiation, in which further anomalies of the Porter ward were ironed out the government agreed to cover the cost. Finally, an MFGB delegate conference agreed to accept the government proposals and a new agreement was signed on 20 April 1944. which was to last for four years until the Spring of 1948.

In the Forest  on Tuesday 2 May 1944, the FDMA Executive met with the coal owners to discuss the implications of the agreement for the Forest of Dean. The owners agreed to pay 1s a day as an extra payment for skilled and semi-skilled men not working on contracts and a new higher rate for pieceworkers.[132]

This was a landmark in the history of wage negotiation. It increased the incentive to pieceworkers and consolidated wages. It also stabilised the national minimum rate for four years in advance and obliged the government to form a national pool from which wages would be available.[133]  Within six months of the agreement, a coal miner’s average national wage had been brought up to fourteenth in a list of one hundred trades.[134]

Payslip for Edward Fisher working at Waterloo on 5 August 1944 (Credit Forest of Dean Family History Society)

May Day

The FDMA Executive organised five meetings across the Forest to celebrate May Day at Yorkley, Bream, Broadwell, Cinderford and Ruardean. At the Yorkley meeting, chaired by Ray Jones, Tom Wintringham, Vice President of the Common Wealth Party was the main speaker along with Williams and Ellway.[135] Williams spoke in defence of the miners who had drawn criticism from the public over the recent strikes and threats of industrial action. He said:

Miners had long memories and they remembered that after 1926 some collieries in the Forest worked one or two shifts a week at a minimum rate of 7s 9d a day; the approximate average wage of the men between 1926 and 1938 was 8s 6d and in the collieries working short time men were getting more money from the dole than in the pit.

However, Williams went on to argue:

Any strike action was indefensible in these days when men and women were giving their lives to save us. But there should be no cause for strikes and the public should, if truly critical, criticise the cause of strikes.[136]

At the meetings, Williams reported on other matters of local concern and explained it was touch and go if New Fancy would close. Williams also reported that he had asked the Government Controllers to take over the pit because of the lack of investment which resulted in the frequent breakdown of out-of-date equipment, stating that “the men had been working on scrap iron”.[137]

In addition, he reported on a dispute at Norchard where some hewers downed tools over the percentage rate they were receiving on top of their piece rate price. He explained that, with the support of Ellway, he managed to convince the men to return to work and added that he would be taking their case up with the Conciliation Board.[138] Williams’s approach was to back the men up and to quickly attempt to resolve the disputes and get the men back to work as soon as possible.

On 3 June 1944, Hubert Morse, age 58 was killed at Pillowell Level.

Victory

The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops, the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945.

The main legacy of the war for the mining community was total exhaustion and deep grief for those families who had lost their loved ones. However, there was also a strong belief that there should be no return to the conditions faced by the community in the 1930s.  There was hope that this time there really could be a land fit for heroes. The FDMA was determined that no Forest miner would be treated as they had been in the 1920s and 1930s.

However, the experience of mining communities following the end of World War One and the defeats of 1921 and 1926 lockouts meant that some miners inevitably viewed the end of the Second World War with trepidation, fearing a direct return to depression in their industry. In light of past experience, consolidation of their economic position in the last years of the war was a priority to reduce the effects of unemployment and poverty which many felt could follow the end of the war. 

Despite this, as the war progressed the miners became more confident as their trade union grew stronger and so the type of society to be created in the aftermath of the war became a dominating theme. The miners campaigned for a National Health Service, a humanitarian national insurance scheme and nationalisation of the mines.  At the end of the war several of their long-term objectives had been fulfilled or at least seemed possible.

First, they received a large increase in wages and, whilst some of it was to counteract the effects of inflation, there was a genuine advance as is indicated by the improvement in relation to other industrial workers. Secondly, the nationalisation of the industry seemed to be firmly on the agenda. Thirdly, the formation of a single National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) to take the place of the federated structure of district associations to cover every worker in the nation’s coalfields with a membership of over six hundred thousand men came into existence on 1 January 1945.

Miners’ Wages 1938 to 1944.

Year The minimum wage for a hewer in the Forest of Dean per shift.[139] The average wage for all miners in the Forest of Dean per shift.[140] The average wage for all miners nationally per shift.[141]
1938 8s 9d 10s 0.7d 11s 2.83d
1939 9s 1d 10s 6.19d 11s 7.7d
1940 9s 10d 11s 10.60d 13s 0.40d
1941 11s 6d 13s 11.10d 14s 10.94d
1942 14s 11d 16s 5.09d 17s 5.48d
1943 18s 0.30d 19s 1.19d
1944 16s 7d 19s 4.31d 20s 3.58d

The average wages for all workers are higher than the minimum wages because the hewers who worked on piece rates earned considerably more than their minimum rates.  In January 1944, the Porter award gave a minimum weekly wage of £5   (16s 7d per shift for a six day week) for all underground workers and £4 10s for all surface workers for a six-day week.

Payslip for Edward Fisher working at Waterloo on 5 August 1944 (Credit Forest of Dean Family History Society

Labour Party

Williams attended the AGM of the Forest of Dean Labour Party in March and was instrumental in submitting the following resolution on behalf of Waterloo Miners’ Lodge and Eastern United Lodge which was seconded by Stanley Turner from Eastern;

That an adequate standard of life for the people of this country can only be achieved if the system of private enterprise in industry and agriculture is abolished, and as a first step to this end, the mines, railways, banks, land and farms should be owned by the State and controlled by those persons engaged in these industries, and that this shall be the policy of the Labour Party at the next General Election.[142]

The significance of Williams’s speech was his emphasis on workers’ control as well as nationalisation. Speaking at a May Day meeting at Yorkley, G T D Jenkins added:

The Forest coalfield was becoming exhausted and this was a fact which was not generally appreciated when criticism was levelled directed at the miners about output. The industry existed on cut-throat competition which had assured the owners a high profit in a short time at the expense of the miner and his family. They were approaching an era during which the miners could demand to be treated on a level with workers in other industries.

Jenkins went on to appeal for every effort to be made to win the seat for Labour in the general election and moved a resolution on state ownership of the mines and the re-establishment of international working-class solidarity. The motion was seconded by Elton Reeks.[143]

Deaths from silicosis reported in local newspapers in 1945

Caleb Henry Hawkins March 1945 Christchurch Cannop
Stanley Griffiths March 1945 Yorkley New Fancy
William Henry Hayward 70 June 1945 Littledean Eastern
Maurice Henry Thomas 49 Sept 1945 Bream Princess Royal

1945 Election

The support for socialism was so strong in the Forest at this time that the Conservatives and the Liberals did not even bother to put up candidates. The only opponent to Philips Price was Sergeant Major John Brown, an ex-member of the Labour Party, who was given leave of absence from the military to fight the election as an Independent Nationalist candidate.  Brown was now a strong supporter of Churchill and a proponent of free enterprise and against the nationalisation of the mines.[144] He had the backing of the local Conservative Association whose members spoke at his election rallies.[145]

The result of the election was announced on Thursday 26 July 1945 with votes for the Labour candidate Philips Price 19,721 and 10,259 for Brown.[146] The landslide victory for Labour across the country was celebrated throughout the Forest by all sections of the labour movement and this gave the NUM an opportunity to seek further concessions.

On 2 November 1945, Fredrick Liddington, age 49, was killed at Norchard.

On 13 December 1945, Charles Mason, age 59, was killed at Northern.

Charlie Mason

Charlie Mason was along long-standing FDMA activist and Executive Committee member. He had been blacklisted for seven years after the 1926 miners’ lockout before getting a job at Northern United. The constant pressure to increase production coupled with exhaustion and long hours inevitably impacted safety. Charlie was now in his late fifties and was still required to carry out heavy physical work.

Charlie Mason (Credit: Margo Woodhill)

On 13 December 1945, Charlie Mason became one more person among the thousands killed in the coalfields of Britain. The Dean Forest Mercury on 21 December 1945 reported:

A well-known and highly esteemed Brierley inhabitant, Mr Charlie E. Mason (59) was accidentally killed at Northern United Colliery, on Thursday, Dec 13th, as reported in last week’s Mercury. He was a member of the Northern United Lodge and the Production Committee, a prominent Trade Unionist, and highly regarded by the officials and his fellow workmen. He was keenly interested in the social life of the district. He leaves a wife, one son and four daughters to whom the greatest sympathy is extended.

Charlie’s watch recovered from his body after he was killed (Credit: Clive Mason)

Mason was working with his long-term friend Tim Brain. The accident happened while they were using a ‘Sylvester’ to pull a ring from a roadway using a timber setting, which was used to support the roof, as an anchor.[147] Tragically instead of pulling the ring, the timber setting moved and this caused the roof to collapse crushing both men. The Gloucester Citizen reported:

The alarm was sounded. Within a short time rescuers were attacking the mound of debris which had engulfed the two friends. Brain, severely crushed and suffering with a broken leg, was quickly located. ” Never mind me—find Charlie,” he pleaded as he pointed out the spot in which he last saw his comrade alive. And still trapped, he watched the rescue party turn to dig for Mason and later he saw them extricate him. But Mason had worked his last shift —he was dead.[148]

On Saturday 15 December a meeting of the Forest of Dean Trades Council, which is made up of delegates from nearly all the trade union branches in the Forest, passed a resolution moved by the secretary, G D H Jenkins, to send a letter of sympathy to Mason’s family.

Jenkins paid a warm tribute to the work Mr Mason had done for the betterment of the working man.[149] The chair, William Ellway, added that:

Mr Mason was sincere in his convictions and full of enthusiasm for the cause of workers. He is another of our comrades who had died with his boots on. That is often said of soldiers: it can be said of miners.[150]

The day of Mason’s funeral was 17 Dec 1945. It was a cold, windy day with sleet and snow. Despite Mason’s agnosticism, a preacher led a small service outside his cottage in Brierley which was attended by a large crowd of mourners. Mason’s work comrades then carried his coffin through the woods to the Holy Trinity Church in Drybrook where the internment took place.

They carried him in relays, nearly two miles to the church, and everyone was glad to take the burden.[151]

A huge crowd attended his funeral including many relatives, friends, and work colleagues. Representing the FDMA were William Ellway, president, John Williams, agent, Harry Morgan, finance officer, Wallace Jones, safety officer and Harry Barton, the Forest of Dean representative on the South Wales Miners’ Federation Executive. Among the flowers, there was a “Tribute from “A Friend” with the following note:

In him, we have lost a great champion in the cause of humanity. All who knew him remember his struggles for a better system of society, his work with the council: his connection with the Miners’ Executive, and pit Production Committees earned him great respect. Some will remember his leading a band of women to Westbury Institution in order to strengthen the case of the miners on strike, He was an inspiration to the young; he comforted the old with I reasoning which they understood: was unselfish to a fine degree. [152]

On 4 January the Dean Forest Mercury published the following letter:

You have been very generous to the space allotted on the death of my dear father, Charles Mason. But from a heart broken in grief at his passing, I feel the public should know how just and kind and a dear parent he was. And in his memory, I would urge fathers to practice tolerance, love and understanding towards their children. Thank you, Dad from one of his children.

John Williams paid tribute to Mason as follows:

Charlie was held in respect, a reflection of his own estimable life. He was not without his faults, but the few he had were eclipsed by his many virtues and outstanding merits. The highest testimony to his integrity is that his innumerable friends thought, felt and said the same about him when he was alive as they are thinking, feeling and saying now. Charlie Mason had known and experienced prolonged and intense poverty, and during his life had endured severe privations and hardships because of his convictions, yet he bore no malice towards those who brought these privations and hardships upon him. Charlie Mason was a thinker and it was always a delight to listen to him. He was sometimes away from the point at issue, but by some means or other, he was more charming and graceful on those occasions than when he addressed himself to the point. The world would be better in many ways if there were more people like Charlie Mason.[153]

The inquest was conducted by the Forest of Dean Divisional Coroner, M. F. Carter).  The local Inspector of Mines, W. E. Thomas, who was present at the inquest, strongly condemned the anchoring of the Sylvester to a wooden prop. However, Lewis Witt, the undermanager at Northern United Colliery argued that considering the peculiar circumstances involved – the nature of the soft roof – there was some justification for the method the two men had used. Clearly, there was pressure to get the job done quickly.

Normally it was customary for the men to take the rest of the shift off out of respect. However, as the demand for coal was still great there was no time for respect and the men were told to carry on working for the rest of the day.

Miners’ Charter

This strategy of the NUM was to link a commitment to increased productivity to a series of demands on the new Labour government set out in the Miners’ Charter which was agreed by the NUM Executive on 10 January 1946. These included:

  • a five-day working week without loss of pay;
  • a guaranteed weekly wage average wage not to fall below that of any other sector of British industry;
  • two weeks paid holiday;
  • adequate pensions at the age of fifty-five;
  • modernisation of existing pits together with the sinking of new ones;
  • adequate training for young people;
  • new safety laws;
  • proper compensation payments for industrial injury and disease;
  • the construction of new towns and villages with good housing in mining areas.

However, despite men returning from the military there was still a shortage of skilled labour and production was struggling to keep up with the demand for coal. The EWO remained in place but there continued to be a high number of men leaving work for medical reasons, death and old age. In 1945, in the Forest of Dean, there were 248 more new compensation and medical cases than recovered cases returning to work.

Miners leaving and joining the workforce in 1945[154]

The number of men who joined the workforce in 1945. Forest of Dean National
Juveniles under 18 54 9571
ex-miners returned from military 53 11675
Men recruited from government training centres 80 17731
Ex-miners recruited from other industries 50 8259
Men from other industries, other than ex-miners 13 1432
Other 0 0
Total 250 48668
Number of men leaving the workforce in 1945.
Deaths (accidents or otherwise) 21 3206
Retired from all work 22 4646
Excess of new compensation and medical cases over recovered cases returning to work. 248 39780
Joined the military 3 1316
Joined other industries by permission of the National Service officer. 39 12143
Others 4928
Total 333 66019
Net loss of miners 83 17352

 

Silicosis and Pneumoconiosis in the Forest of Dean Coalfield in 1945[155]

No. of applications Deaths Total incapacity Partial incapacity Not Granted Outstanding
52 4 14 14 20 7

Note: Under the Workmen’s Compensation legislation, workers needed to be certified as being disabled because of silicosis/pneumoconiosis by the Silicosis Medical Board before they were eligible for compensation.

The ballots for the Bevin Boys were suspended in May 1945, but because of the shortage of miners, the last Bevin Boys were not demobbed until 1948. Unlike other conscripts, they had no right to go back to their previous occupations, they received no service medals, “demob” suits or even a letter of thanks. Because the official records were destroyed in the 1950s, former Bevin Boys cannot even prove their service unless they have kept their documents. In the Forest of Dean, many Bevin boys stayed on working in the mines or other jobs and married into the community. Passing his verdict on the scheme when addressing the annual SWMF conference in April 1945

Arthur Horner claimed that it had been nonsense to expect that trainees sent to the mines for the first time could compensate for the loss of skilled miners who had left the industry for reasons of ill-health, accident and old age. As for the Bevin boys themselves, as time went on many felt their contribution to the war effort was forgotten and this has only recently been recognised.

On 11 March 1946, Manny Shinwell, Minister of Fuel and Power, replied that the Miners Charter had the blessing of his government and could be brought to fruition after nationalisation.[156]  Arthur Horner, who was elected as General Secretary of the NUM at the end of August 1946, warned that it was still necessary to increase output and this could only be achieved by recruiting more workers arguing that those who had sufficient money to live without working should be recruited into the mines.[157]

On 1 September 1946, the government removed EWO legislation covering the mining industry. However, all miners were still not allowed to apply for work in other industries without permission from the Ministry of Labour or National Service. In other words, miners had no choice but to continue to work in the mining industry. This meant that miners from the Forest of Dean could only either move to other mining districts with better pay and conditions or otherwise remain in their existing pits.

Vesting Day

The agreement in principle to the terms of the Miners’ Charter by the newly elected Labour government reflected its urgent desire to have the NUM’s full support for the newly nationalised industry. On Wednesday 1 January 1947, cheering miners took part in early morning ceremonies at the pitheads in the Forest of Dean marking the transfer of the mines from private ownership to the nation. The miners pledged themselves to make the scheme a success and sent a message to the National Coal Board (NCB) to that effect.

Most of the vesting ceremonies took place between 6 and 7 am before miners on the day shift had entered the cages to descend the shafts. It was still dark when hundreds of colliers made their way by foot, cycle and coaches to attend the pit-head ceremonies. At Princess Royal, Ray Jones hosted the flag and said:

We have waited a long time for this day. For years we struggled as lowly, underpaid mass of workmen; for years we battled for better conditions and now at last this momentous landmark in the history of mining has been reached. We are here as one team. Let us do our very utmost to increase production. Let us ensure that we do not live to regret this great occasion.[158]

Jim Clements from the Deputies Association appealed for 100 per cent, cooperation.  At Norchard the flag was hoisted by William Ellway, at Cannop by Birt Hinton, at Northern by E. E. Virgo, a member of the clerical staff, at Eastern by Stanley Turner and at Waterloo by William Wilkins. David Lang who was the managing director of Henry Crawshay and Company Ltd was appointed as the new Forest of Dean Area Manager of the NCB.

Bitter Winter

Early in 1947, coal shortages coinciding with a bitter winter threatened to undermine the economy. The crisis began with the production of coal already at dangerously low levels due to the shortage of skilled labour. In February, record snows and frigid temperatures down to -25 degrees in the Forest of Dean further reduced output and hampered the transportation of supplies.

Shinwell, the responsible minister, was unprepared for these difficulties, despite having received warnings that there were too few miners to maintain stocks. On Friday 6 February, he advised the cabinet that rationing of coal must begin at once, even though industries that depended on it would lie idle for part of each day and individual consumers would not be able to heat their homes. This was a grave threat to the government’s recovery program, popularity and reputation. In the Forest, the Whitecroft pin factory and Lydney tin works could only work part-time. Electricity supplies were under threat and lights were off in the streets and shops.

The government started putting pressure on the miners to work extra shifts. However, on Thursday 20 February, the FDMA Executive agreed that no Sunday shift should be worked. Williams argued that:

The great bulk of Forest miners reach the point of exhaustion by the end of the working week, and if Sunday work were to be undertaken there would be in all probability be a serious falling off in output the following week. [159]

Ray Jones reported that the production committee at Princess Royal agreed with the FDMA policy and recommended other forms of increasing production such as reducing absenteeism on the Saturday morning shift. The managers, most of whom were from the old private companies, remained hostile to suggestions from the workforce and there was conflict leading to a dispute over shift payments.[160]

As a result of the shortages of coal, a letter appeared in the Dean Forest Mercury on 14 February 1947 suggesting that coal miners should forego their coal allowance. The following week several letters responded to this suggestion including one from Williams who explained that the extra coal miners got at a reduced rate was part of their wages and had been for the past 150 years. He added that miners have to get up early in the cold and often travel long distances to work and added that if anyone still felt aggrieved, he suggested they should apply for a job at the coal face or send their sons to work in a pit.

Ray Jones pointed out that miners often returned home in wet clothes that had become frozen solid and were in desperate need of a bath. They needed the coal to wash their bodies and work clothes. He added this is why they were still campaigning for pit head baths. He explained that sometimes miners did not even receive a coal allowance if, for instance, they were living in lodgings. There were some very indignant letters from miners’ wives in the paper over the following weeks, some of whom suggested the author of the letter could help out the country by getting a job in a pit.[161]

Williams also explained that under the still-existing Emergency regulations, miners were still not allowed to leave the pits.

It is not realised that the miner is shackled to his industry like a pit pony. If he wants to leave the industry he cannot be except on medical grounds.[162]

It was not until 1948, nearly three years after the cessation of hostilities, that miners were finally released. However, even then, any miner leaving his job could not expect any help from the State if they failed to get a job elsewhere because they were deemed to have made themselves deliberately unemployed.

In March 1947 a national agreement was reached between the NUM and NCB to introduce a five-day working week. In November 1947, a national agreement between the NCB and the NUM resulted in a weekly minimum rate of £5 15s (about 23s a shift) for underground workers and £5 (about 20s a shift) for surface workers for a five-day week.[163] This was the first pay rise since 1944.

This meant that, during the period from 1939 to 1947 the increase in the minimum rate for a hewer rose by about 150 per cent while prices increased by about 50 per cent.[164] In return, the NUM gave its full commitment to maximising production, asking miners to work every available shift and not engage in unofficial stoppages. In December 1947, this led to miners setting a new coal production record for a period covering recent years.[165]

Conclusion

During World War Two Forest of Dean miners made huge sacrifices, worked hard long hours and played an important role in the defeat of fascism by supplying coal for the war effort. At the same time, the miners were determined that, in contrast to post-World War One, there would be a land fit for heroes. 

By the end of the war, the NUM had emerged as a powerful trade union, securing significant improvements in pay, working hours, and conditions. However, despite significant pay awards, soon after nationalisation the hopes and dreams began to dim, as miners became increasingly aware that private ownership had been replaced by state ownership, rather than the common ownership and workers control that Williams and others had campaigned for. Control and management of the industry had been left in the hands of those who had previously been either managers or owners of private mines.

To add to this the fledgling nationalised industry had to pay huge financial compensation to the former owners, which left a huge financial burden on the industry. The total money paid out in compensation nationally was £237,000,000 and in the Forest of Dean, it was £914,082.[166] In today’s money, these figures would be about 8,600,000,000 and £33,000,000.[167]

As predicted by Williams, nationalisation was no panacea and industrial strife would again rumble through the Forest of Dean coalfield during the 1950s because of redundancies and pit closures. But that is another story.

Appendix

A list of some of the public meetings taking place from September 1941 to May 1944 in the Forest of Dean concerning the miners and encouraging higher productivity for the war effort.

 

Date Venue Organiser Chair Main Speaker Other Speakers
1 September 1941.[168]

 

Yorkley Onward Hall Cinderford CPGB (Anglo-Soviet Solidarity Campaign) Len Harris Harry Bourne, (CPGB organiser for the West of England) Harry Barton and Richard Kear.
11 October 1941.[169]

 

Yorkley Cinderford CPGB Len Harris George Thomas (CPGB organiser for the Rhondda district)
12 October 1941.[170]

 

Ruardean Woodside Cinderford CPGB Len Harris George Thomas Timothy Ruck, Ray Jones and Richard Kear
18 October 1941. [171] Broadwell Memorial Hall FDMA David Organ Harry Pollitt and Williams P George and W S Wilson
19 October 1941. [172] Ruardean FDMA William Wilkins Harry Pollitt and Williams John Harper and Ray Jones
19 October 1941. [173] Palace Theatre Cinderford FDMA H W Vowles Harry Pollitt and Williams Wallace Jones, Harry Barton and Ray Jones.
9 November 1941.[174] Bream Miner’s Welfare Hall Labour Party Harold Craddock Haydyn Guest MP for North Islington and Philips Price
9 November 1941. [175] Regent Hall, Lydney Labour Party Harold Craddock Haydyn Guest
22 December 1941.[176] Bream Miners’ Memorial Hall Cinderford CPGB Len Harris Will Paynter

 

 

Date Venue Organiser Chair Main Speaker Other Speakers
15 November 1942 Bream Cinderford

CPGB

Len Harris Will Paynter Albert Brookes
24 January 1943 Coleford Town Hall Cinderford CPGB Alf Davis (SWMF and CPGB) Harris and Barton
15 February

1943

Whitecroft Memorial Hall Bream CPGB William Ellway David D Evans (Chief Clerk to the No 9 area of the SWMF and CPGB) Barton
28 February

1943

 

Palace Cinderford Cinderford CPGB Arthur Horner

(SWMF and CPGB)

Harris, Barton and William Wilkins
28 March

1943

Yorkley Onward Hall Labour Party Harold Craddock David Grenfell Labour MP Philips Price and Luker
28 March

1943

Bream Labour Party Albert Brookes David Grenfell MP
4 April 1943 Yorkley Onward Hall Reuben James Jack Jones

CPGB

Barton and Ellway
18 April 1943 Yorkley Onward Hall Cinderford CPGB Birt Hinton Sid Jones (SWMF) Barton
1 May 1943 Whitecroft Labour Party Albert Brookes Harold Laski,

Labour MP

Philips Price
1 May 1943 Coleford Labour Party Helen Hicks Harold Laski Philips Price and Luker
1 May 1943 Cinderford Labour Party Albert Brookes Harold Laski
1 May 1943 Miners Welfare Hall, Bream FDMA William Rust

(CPGB) and W J Sadler (SWMF)

1 May 1943 Ruardean FDMA Ray Jones
7 November

1943

Yorkley Yorkley CPGB C.E. Wintle Glyn Jones (TGWU) Frank Tilley, R Beddis, A Thomas, H A Evans and Barton
5 Dec.  1943 Drybrook
Bream
Yorkley
18 Dec. 1943 Cinderford Town Hall Cinderford CPGB G. J, Abraham (Gloucester) Rev, Dr Bryn Thomas, Vicar of Kemble Reg Evans (CPGB organiser for Forest of Dean District)
Date Venue Organiser Chair Main Speaker Other Speakers
5 March 1944 Yorkley Onward Hall Yorkley CPGB C W Wintle Rowley Hanson Pontypool Urban District Council and the National Executive of the CPGB R W Evans and Philips Price

 

1 May 1944 FDMA  Ray Jones Tom Wintringham, Vice President of the Common Wealth Party Williams and Ellway
1 May 1944 Bream FDMA W J Saddler, General Secretary of the SWMF, and Alf Davies, Vice President of the SWMF
1 May 1944 Broadwell FDMA Wintringham
1 May 1944 Cinderford FDMA Saddler and Albert Davies, members of the SWMF Executive
1 May 1944 Ruardean FDMA Alf Davies and Albert Davies.

 

20/21 May Labour Party Arthur Jenkins MP. Philips Price
Cinderford Labour Party A. M. White Arthur Jenkins MP. Philips Price A E Stigwood
Labour Party Arthur Jenkins MP. Philips Price

 

[1] Hywel Francis and David Smith, The Fed, (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1980) 394.

[2] Gloucester Citizen 28 July 1941.

[3] Strikes and lockouts were illegal under Order 1305 passed in July 1940. From the inception of the Order in July, 1940, up to 7th February, 1951, there were 4,029 reports made under the Order by or on behalf of workers; 97 were made by or on behalf of employers, and 16 were made jointly by employers and workers.

[4] Western Mail 18 November 1944. This is an official Ministry of Fuel and Power figure. Strikes were not limited to the coalfields. In the first few months of the war, over 900 strikes occurred. Most were brief but still illegal. The number of strikes grew annually, reaching a peak in 1944. Nearly half were driven by wage demands, while the rest were defensive responses to worsening workplace conditions. In 1944 there were more than two thousand stoppages, resulting in the loss of 3,714,000 production days. In response, Defence Regulation 1AA was introduced in April 1944, with the backing of the TUC, making it illegal to incite strikes.

[5] Gloucester Journal 21 September 1940.

[6] Hansard, House of Commons, 17 October 1944.

[7] Dean Forest Mercury 24 February 1939.

[8] At the outbreak of war, the government put into action a system of planned organisation for the supply of coal which consisted of a system of coal supplies officers in the coalfields, divisional coal officers in the civil defence regions and coal export officers. A House Coal Distribution (Emergency) Scheme was also established to control domestic distribution under the indirect control of the divisional coal officers.

[9] R Page Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War (London: Allen and Unwin, 1961) 176-178. The JSCC was established in January 1936 for consideration of all questions of joint interest including the determination of wages based on district agreements.

[10] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, Chapter 7.

[11] Ministry of Fuel and Power Statistical Digest, 1938-1947.

[12] Ibid.

[13] Ibid.

[14] Ibid.

[15] Ibid.

[16] Ibid.

[17] Gloucester Citizen 28 August 1939.

[18] Michael Jabara Carley (2019) Fiasco: The Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance That Never Was and the Unpublished British White Paper, 1939–1940, The International History Review, 41:4, 701-728.

[19] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 298.

[20] Dean Forest Mercury 3 November 1939.

[21] Gloucester Citizen 11 September 1939.

[22] Dean Forest Mercury 15 September 1939.

[23] Dean Forest Mercury 22 September 1939.

[24] The cost of living index jumped by ten points in September 1939 and within twelve months was up by 34 points.

[25] Dean Forest Mercury 6 October 1939.

[26] Dean Forest Mercury 27 October 1939.

[27] R Page Arnot, The Miners, One Union, One Industry, A History of the National Union of Mineworkers 1939-1946 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979) 22-23.

[28] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 289 -291.

[29] Dean Forest Mercury 22 December 1939.

[30] Gloucester Citizen 21 December 1939 and Dean Forest Mercury 22 December 1939.

[31] Gloucester Citizen 29 December 1939.

[32] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 294.

[33] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 294.

[34] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 295.

[35] Gloucester Journal 13 April 1940.

[35b] https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1945/jan/30/accidents-statistics?utm-source=chatgpt.com   These figures do not account for fatalities in 1945, the final year of the war, so the total number of mining deaths during the entire conflict would be somewhat higher.​

[35c] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4582420/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

[36] Albert Meek interviewed by Elsie Olivey on 6 April 1983, Gage Library.

[37] Gloucester Citizen and Dean Forest Mercury.

[38] Gloucester Citizen 23 May 1940.

[39] Gloucester Citizen 31 May 1940. See https://forestofdeansocialhistory.co.uk/mr-cinderford-wallace-jones/    https://forestofdeansocialhistory.co.uk/william-david-jenkins/   https://forestofdeansocialhistory.co.uk/harry-morgan/    https://forestofdeansocialhistory.co.uk/raymond-s-jones-2/  https://forestofdeansocialhistory.co.uk/harry-barton/

[40] Gloucester Citizen 31 May 1940.

[41] Gloucester Journal 22 June 1940.

[42] In July 1940, the number of unemployed insured workers, including miners, in Cinderford was 80, Coleford 70, Lydney 60 and Newnham 10. Most were elderly, sick or disabled.

[43] Arnot The Miners in Crisis and War, 303.

[44] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 312.

[45] Dean Forest Mercury 7 February 1941.

[46] The West Dean Food Committee at this time was made up of L. P. Hullett (Divisional Food Officer), L. C. Porter (Chairman), Mrs Clutterbuck, Mrs Bevan, S. J. Joseph, E. B. Barter, J. W. Fox, T Phillips, I Howells, S.W. Hatten and George Jenkins.

[47] Dean Forest Mercury 10 January 1941.

[48] Dean Forest Mercury 10 January 1941.

[49] Dean Forest Mercury 14 February 1941.

[50] Dean Forest Mercury 28 March 1941.

[51] Dean Forest Mercury 28 March 1941.

[52] Dean Forest Mercury 28 March 1941.

[53] Dean Forest Mercury 16 April 1941.

[54] Dean Forest Mercury 30 May 1941.

[55] Dean Forest Mercury 6 June 1941.

[56] Dean Forest Mercury 20 June 1941.

[57] Dean Forest Mercury 6 June 1941, Gloucester Journal 28 June 1941 and Gloucester Journal 5 July 1941.

[58] Dean Forest Mercury 6 June 1941.

[59] Dean Forest Mercury 27 June 1941.

[60] Dean Forest Mercury 25 July 1941.

[61] Dean Forest Mercury 25 July 1941.

[62] https://forestofdeansocialhistory.co.uk/william-henry-ellway/

[63] Dean Forest Mercury 25 July 1941.

[64] Ibid.

[65] Ibid.

[66] https://forestofdeansocialhistory.co.uk/holton-douglas-elton-reeks/  https://forestofdeansocialhistory.co.uk/frank-matthews/  https://forestofdeansocialhistory.co.uk/john-harper/

[67] Ibid.

[68] Dean Forest Mercury 1 August 1941.

[69] Ibid.

[70] Ibid.

[71] Clegg, A History of British Trade Unions, 1934 -1951, 255.

[72] Ibid.

[73] Dean Forest Mercury 1 August 1941.

[74] Gloucester Citizen 28 July 1941.

[75] Dean Forest Mercury 1 August 1941.

[76] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 321 -322.

[77] The demand was that holiday pay should increase from £2 12s to £3 10s for adults and for those under 21 from £1 14s 8d to £2 6s 8d.

[78] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 322. Based on an 0.7d increase in the cost of living addition for each point rise in the cost of living index as agreed in March 1940.

[79] Dean Forest Mercury July 11 1941.

[80] Dean Forest Mercury July 25 1941. The Miners’ Welfare Fund was set up under the provisions of the Mining Industry Act 1920.  It was administered by a Miners’ Welfare Committee in the interests of ‘the social well-being, recreation and conditions of living of workers in or about coalmines’. The Committee was appointed by the Board of Trade in January 1921. It included representatives of the MAGB and MFGB. The fund was raised from a levy, initially a levy of 1d per ton of coal produced, and after 1926 a levy of five per cent of coal royalties.

[81] Dean Forest Mercury 1 August 1941 and Dean Forest Mercury 12 September 1941.

[82] Dean Forest Mercury 19 September 1941.

[83] Dean Forest Mercury 19 September 1941.

[84] Dean Forest Mercury 26 September 1941.

[85] Dean Forest Mercury 28 November 1941.

[86] Dean Forest Mercury 28 November 1941 and Gloucester Journal 29 November 1941.

[87] H. A. Clegg, A History of British Trade Unions, Vol 3. 1934-1951 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994) 238.

[88] Dean Forest Mercury 5 September 1941.

[89] Dean Forest Mercury 19 December 1941.

[90]

[91] Ben Pimlott (ed.), The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton (London, 1986), 441 quoted by Keith Gildart, Coal Strikes on the Home Front: Miners’ Militancy and Socialist Politics in the Second World War, Twentieth Century British History, Volume 20, Issue 2, 2009, 127.

[92] https://forestofdeansocialhistory.co.uk/pity-the-poor-buttyman-the-butty-system-in-the-forest-of-dean-1921-1938/

[93] Dean Forest Mercury 23 January 1942.

[94] Dean Forest Mercury 23 January 1942.

[95] Dean Forest Mercury 13 March 1942.

[96] https://forestofdeansocialhistory.co.uk/frederick-allan-beverstock/  https://forestofdeansocialhistory.co.uk/charles-luker/

[97] Dean Forest Mercury 3 April 1942.

[98] Dean Forest Mercury 10 April 1942.

[99] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 236.

[100] Barry Supple, The History of the British Coal Industry Volume 4, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987) 530.

[101] South Wales Gazette 4 September 1942.

[102] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 353.

[103] Gloucester Citizen 24 June 1942. Rates are given to the nearest penny.

[104] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 355.

[105] Dean Forest Mercury 24 July 1942.

[106] Dean Forest Mercury 24 July 1942.

[107] Dean Forest Mercury 30 October 1942.

[108] This may have been down to a misplaced perception of life in the military which did not take into account the long hours, discipline and the horror, brutality and trauma associated with armed combat.

[109] Gloucester Citizen 18 November 1942 and Western Mail 19 November 1942.

[110] Dean Forest Mercury 27 November 1942.

[111] Ibid.

[112] Dean Forest Mercury 22 January 1943.

[113] Dean Forest Mercury 22 January 1943.

[114] Western Mail 24 April 1943.

[115] Ministry of Fuel and Power Statistical Digest, 1938-1947.

[116] Dean Forest Mercury 16 April 1943.

[117] Dean Forest Mercury 12 November 1943.

[118] Dean Forest Mercury 12 November 1943.

[119] Dean Forest Mercury 19 November 1943.

[120] Dean Forest Mercury 26 November 1943 and Dean Forest Mercury 31 December 1943.

[121] Dean Forest Mercury 31 December 1943 and Western Mail 30 December 1943.

[122] Gloucester Citizen 31 July 1946.

[123] Bent, The Last Deep Mine of Dean, 118.

[124] Dean Forest Mercury 12 November 1943.

[125] Dean Forest Mercury 1 January 1944.

[126] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 396.

[127] Dean Forest Mercury 3 March 1944.

[128] Dean Forest Mercury 3 March 1944.

[129] Dean Forest Mercury 17 March 1944.

[129] Dean Forest Mercury 4 February 1944.

[130] Dean Forest Mercury 17 March 1944.

[131] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War

[132] Dean Forest Mercury 5 May 1944.

[133] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 397 – 399.

[134] Arnot, The Miners in Crisis and War, 399.

[135] The Common Wealth Party was formed in July 1942 with an idealistic socialist party with a largely middle-class membership and a manifesto of public ownership and morality in politics. Its five key policies were common ownership, vital democracy, equal opportunity, colonial freedom and world unity. The Party was initially chaired by JB Priestley, but it was his successor, Sir Richard Acland MP, who led the Common Wealth Party to success in the three by-elections it contested. However, Acland resigned after widespread defeat in the post-war General Election of 1945, when only a single member of the Common Wealth Party was returned. Many members joined Labour, but the dwindling Party continued its campaigns until 1993.

[136] Dean Forest Mercury 12 May 1944.

[137] Dean Forest Mercury 12 May 1944.

[138] Dean Forest Mercury 12 May 1944.

[139] Reports in the Dean Forest Mercury 1938 to 1944.

[140] Ministry of Fuel and Power Statistical Digest, 1938-1947.

[141] Ministry of Fuel and Power Statistical Digest, 1938-1947.

[142] Dean Forest Mercury 7 March 1945.

[143] Dean Forest Mercury 11 May 1945.

[144] Gloucester Citizen 11 June 1945.

[145] Gloucester Citizen 18 June 1945.

[146] Dean Forest Mercury 27 July 1945.

[147] Sylvester is a coal mining jacking device which comprises a ratchet bar with a handle (and attaching block), chain and hook.

[148] Gloucester Citizen 25 January 1946.

[149] Dean Forest Mercury 21 December 1945.

[150] Ibid.

[151] Foley, No Pipe Dreams for Father, 35.

[152] Dean Forest Mercury 21 December 1945.

[153] Maurice Bent, The Last Deep Mine of Dean (Forest of Dean: Self-Published, 1988) 128-129

[154] Ministry of Fuel and Power Statistical Digest, 1938-1947.

[155] South Wales Miners’ Federation, Silicosis and Pneumoconiosis Annual Returns, Area 9 in 1945.

[156] R Page Arnot, The Miners, One Union, One Industry, 125-127.

[157] Dean Forest Mercury 30 August 1946. Horner was replaced by Alf Davies as General Secretary of the South Wales Area of the NUM which included the Forest of Dean.

[158] Gloucester Journal 1 February 1947.

[159] Gloucester Citizen 21 February 1947 and Dean Forest Mercury 21 February 1947.

[160] Dean Forest Mercury 21 February 1947.

[161] Dean Forest Mercury 21 February 1947 and Dean Forest Mercury 14 March 1947.

[162] Dean Forest Mercury 21 February 1947.

[163] Western Mail 21 November 1947.

[164]

[165]Western Daily Press 24 December 1947.

[166] Western Mail 26 January 1954.

[167] https://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/bills/article-1633409/Historic-inflation-calculator-value-money-changed-1900.html

[168] Dean Forest Mercury 5 September 1941.

[169] Dean Forest Mercury 17 October 1941.

[170] Dean Forest Mercury 17 October 1941.

[171] Dean Forest Mercury 24 October 1941.

[172] Dean Forest Mercury 24 October 1941.

[173] Dean Forest Mercury 24 October 1941.

[174] Dean Forest Mercury 14 November 1941.

[175] Dean Forest Mercury 14 November 1941.

[176] Dean Forest Mercury 26 December 1941.

Categories
Uncategorized

We Will Eat Grass

 

 

“We will eat the grass off the field rather than submit to 8 hours” declared William Hoare at a mass meeting of Forest of Dean miners on July 3, 1926. This is the story of those miners during the dramatic events surrounding that year’s general strike and the nine-month miners’ lockout.

In 1922, John Williams, who began working in a South Wales pit at age just thirteen, became the full-time trade union official for the Forest’s miners. Inspired by syndicalism, he believed that determined struggle could pave the way for a classless society free from exploitation.

In this detailed account, Ian Wright follows John Williams and the Forest of Dean Miners’ Association through the turbulent period of the 1920s.

Buy it here:https://www.brh.org.uk/site/pamphleteer/we-will-eat-grass/

 

Categories
Uncategorized

Tim Brain

Timothy James Brain (1886-1974) was born in Ruardean Woodside and started work at the age of 12 on the surface at Slad colliery. He then worked at Foxes Bridge and Trafalgar. In 1913, while working at Lightmoor, he passed an examination which qualified him to work as a deputy and in 1916 he obtained work as a deputy at Cannop. He married Edith Morgan in 1916 and had one son. He was elected as an East Dean District Labour councillor in 1919. At the same time, he was elected as a member of the Westbury Board of Guardians and was a member during the 1926 lockout. He was elected as a County Councillor for Drybrook in 1922 when he was described by the Dean Forest Mercury as belonging to “the extreme section of the Labour Party”. [1]

[1] Dean Forest Mercury 10 March 1922.

 

 

Categories
People

Charlie Mason

 

“The world would be better in many ways if there were more people like Charlie Mason.”

(John Williams, agent for the Forest of Dean Miners’ Association, 1945.)

Charlie Mason was a Forest of Dean miner, a much-loved husband, father and son and a popular and respected member of his community. He was known for speaking up on behalf of his fellow workers and actively participating in public bodies within the Forest of Dean.

However, as Ralph Anstis observed, Charlie was “curiously shy” and uncomfortable with public speaking.[1] As a result, he seldom appeared on public platforms alongside the more prominent leaders of the Forest of Dean labour movement, whose names frequently featured in local newspapers between the 1920s and 1940s.

Despite occasional reports in local newspapers, the lives of people like Charlie Mason often remain hidden from history. However, it is important to recognise the role of miners like Charlie whose daily conflicts over health and safety, piecework rates, victimisation, and unseen bullying in the depths of the colliery provided the backbone to the Forest of Dean Miners’ Association (FDMA), the main trade union representing Forest of Dean miners.

In the case of Charlie, this changed long after his death with the publication of the books A Child in the Forest in 1974 (reprinted as Full Hearts and Empty Bellies in 2009) and No Pipe Dreams for Father in 1977 by his daughter, Winifred Foley.[2] These were followed by her books Great Aunt Lizzie in 2002 and In and Out of the Forest in 2009.[3]

This article will draw on Winifred’s work to provide some background to Charlie’s life. In addition, it will utilise local newspaper reports to highlight his interventions on behalf of his fellow miners during the 1926 lockout. It will focus mainly on his role at the meetings of the Westbury Board of Guardians whose job was to provide Poor Law relief to the destitute families of miners. The article then traces his life in the years that followed the lockout and finally his tragic death in a pit accident in 1945.

Thanks to Charlie’s grandson Clive Mason and granddaughter Margo Woodhill for sending information, memories and photos. Thanks for the support from Winifred’s daughter, Jenny Townsend. Thanks to Paul Mason, a distant relative whose family lived very close to Charlie, for information and stories. Also thanks to Nicola Wynn and Jason Griffiths from the Dean Heritage Centre for help and advice.

Early Years

Charlie Mason was born on 9 August 1889 in Brierley, a small village in the north of the Forest of Dean. He descended from a long line of Masons who lived in Brierley and worked in the local mines and quarries. The houses on Brierley Banks, where Charlie lived, were small and in poor condition, and lacked indoor toilets. While most have since been demolished, the house Charlie’s family lived in, Roslyn House, still stands.

Charlie attended the Slad school in Ruardean Woodside and started work in the mines at the age of eleven. He initially worked as a hod boy for his stepfather, Robert Penn. In her book, In and Out of the Forest, Winifred Foley said:

Less than a century ago little boys of ten or less followed their fathers down the pits as hod-boys, as my own father did at the age of eleven. A chain around his waist and between his legs was attached to a cart, so he dragged the coal that his stepfather had pickaxed out to the bottom of the shaft. It was rare indeed that they worked in a place high enough to stand in.[4]

Winifred added that Charlie’s Great Aunty, Lizzie Mason, told her:

Charlie, your Dad, was only 11 years old when he had to go to work in the pit as hod boy to his stepfather….”Being hod boy was a terrible job for a boy his age but he never grumbled. His stepfather was a miserable sort but not a bad man. I can only remember him acting wrong once. Them days the men was paid 3d a ton for all the coal they could send to the face. It was hard luck if they got on a bad seam with stone in it. One time they was on an awful seam, nearly all stone and they got nothing for that. At the end of the week, your Grancher had only got 4 shillings and 3 pence wages to come.[5]

When Charlie was about twenty, he became unemployed and so walked to South Wales to work in its coalfield where he met his future wife, Margaret Daniels. The couple married in 1909 in South Wales and soon after they moved back to the forest to live with Charlie‘s Great Aunt Lizzie “who had always loved him like a son”.  Their first daughter, Bess, was born in 1910 but sadly Charlie and Margaret lost their next two children soon after they were born.[6] Work was hard to come by so Charlie had to return to work in South Wales. Winifred, who was born in July 1914, recalled:

Dad walked to Wales and got a job in the “Six Bells” colliery near Abertillery. This time he lodged with Mam’s oldest sister Polly, who had married a man much older than herself and was childless. She only took a pittance off Dad for his keep, but even so, he could not afford to come home when Mam gave birth to me.[7]

Charlie and Margaret with Bess and Winifred (Credit: Margo Woodhill)

World War One

Soon after, the war broke out in August 1914, Six Bells temporarily closed due to a lack of manpower. Charlie returned to the Forest and the family moved into a family cottage in Brierley with Charlie’s great Aunt Lizzie. Charlie got a job at a nearby pit, probably Trafalgar colliery. The couple went on to have four more children, Dick, Sidney, Gwen and Marie. Sadly, Sidney died when he was just 16 months old.  The children and parents were devoted to each other:

To us children our Dad was the fount of wisdom, kindliness and honour. Whenever we wanted his attention he became a child among us — slow, dreamy and always understanding.[8]

At the start of the war, some miners volunteered for the military but the more experienced miners like Charlie, now aged 25, were encouraged to stay in the pits where their skills were in great demand to supply coal for the war effort. Winifred remembered her dad saying:

Plenty o’ work in the factories making armaments an’ uniforms for men to die in. Seems there’s nothin’ like a few years o’ ’uman slaughter to get the economy going.’ [9]

The work was hard and miners were expected to work long hours flat out, with no holidays, to maintain coal supplies for the war effort. Charlie did not approve of the militarism and jingoism that was widespread at the time and told Winifred:

The German men be the same as we men. Like us they ‘ave swallowed all the propaganda put into their ‘eads by the big powers that do rule us all. ‘Tis to keep the power and wealth that is in this world for themselves that countries do fight each other, and the people do swallow it all, put on uniforms and go murderin’ each other by the thousands. The hate is whipped up by such tales as you two ‘ave listened to. No doubt German women is swallowin’ the same tales ’bout we Englishmen! [10]

Cannop

When the war came to an end, the pressure on the miners to increase productivity continued because of a shortage of labour. At some stage around this time, Charlie became very ill with pneumonia but recovered. Winfred believed:

That illness, we always believed, came from the conditions in which he worked when he was forced to go to a pit three miles from home. He was sacked from the pit near the village after the owner heard of his radical views and told the manager to get rid of him. The walk to the new pit wasn’t too bad — it was downhill most of the way — but it was a hard grind home for an exhausted man at the end of a long shift.[11] 

This was probably Cannop colliery because, in 1919, Charlie was working at the pit which was about a one-hour walk from his cottage in Brierley.  Charlie was soon elected as one of the Cannop delegates on the Executive of the FDMA. He joined the campaign for the nationalisation of the mines, a pay rise and reduced hours for miners. There were strikes but, after a few months, the miners accepted a seven-hour working day and a pay rise which kept up with the rising cost of living. However, the government refused to accept a recommendation from a Coal Commission to nationalise the mines. Charlie was now becoming more involved in politics and became a committed and active member of the FDMA.  Winifred wrote:

If they were not at the pit, Dad and a couple of cronies would be arguing nineteen to the dozen about religion, politics, science, economics, or the fourth dimension. There they sat on their threadbare behinds putting the world in order. [12]

If he had a fault, it was the spending of sixpence on a book while his ragged shirt tails were hanging through the ragged patches of his moleskin trousers. He loved to discuss his reading with his cronies. The fireside talk we overheard between them was full of H. G. Wells, Einstein, God, Darwin, Shaw and Lenin.[13]

1921 Lockout

In 1921, the government and the owners responded to a depression in the coal trade by a proposal to radically reduce labour costs, which, in the Forest of Dean, translated into wage cuts of up to 50 per cent. The miners refused to go to work under these new terms and downed tools. As a result, on 31 March 1921, one million British miners were locked out of their pits including many war veterans and over 6,000 miners from the Forest of Dean.[14]

Charlie joined Frank Matthews and William Hoare as representatives of the Cannop miners on the FDMA Strike Committee. Charlie probably supported the decision of the FDMA and the Cannop miners to refuse to allow safety men to enter the pit to operate the pumps to prevent flooding. They hoped this would put extra pressure on the colliery owners to settle the dispute.

Cannop normally employed 36 men pumping two to three thousand gallons a minute to keep the level of the water down in the pit. After the withdrawal of the safety men, the colliery was completely flooded and the management warned the pit may not re-open due to permanent damage.[15]  Winifred was only seven during the strike but remembers miners confronting blacklegs at Waterloo colliery near Lydbrook:

I do remember once playing with older children watching for blacklegs going to work at Waterloo. We hid in the bracken, and when we saw them, we slipped away and told the men on strike in the village. They hurried off to meet the blacklegs and shout abuse at them.[16]

The lockout ended after 12 weeks when the MFGB advised the men to return to work and accept the reduction in pay. The concerns about the flooding at Cannop causing permanent damage proved unfounded and, once the miners got the electrical equipment re-installed and the pumps running again, Charlie and his mates were back at work.[17]

Religion

One of the consequences of the lockout was that Charlie became more radical in his views:  Winifred wrote:

Over the years the ways in which the miners were treated turned him into what people call a socialist or some say, communist. It can’t be a bad thing, for if you read the Bible, the Lord himself was against the rich and the greedy and they hounded him to the cross for it.[18]

After 1921, many miners felt abandoned by the church and established society and this turned many away from religion. Winifred remembers:

I’d heard him and his butties argue and come to the conclusion that there couldn’t be a God, or at any rate not one who worried about us as individuals.[19]

He never went to chapel, and indeed held the opinion that in general organised religion was the opium dealt out to the masses by the cynical few, to obtain for themselves their own heaven on this earth.[20]

East Dean District Council

Charlie became an active member of the Labour Party and in 1922, he was elected to represent the Drybrook ward on East Dean District Council which was chaired by George Rowlinson.[21]

In this role, Charlie worked closely with one of the other Labour councillors, Tim Brian, who worked as a deputy at Cannop. Brain had been elected onto the council in 1919 and at the same time, he was elected as a member of the Westbury Board of Guardians. In 1922, Brain was elected as a County Councillor for Drybrook and was described by the Dean Forest Mercury as belonging to “the extreme section of the Labour Party”.

These two men became good close friends and political allies. Their focus was on fighting for the rights of the poorer people in their community. In April 1923, the Dean Forest Mercury reported that:

A motion was brought forward that the Council consider the question of wages unskilled labourers are paid by the Council, the mover being Mr. C. E. Mason with Mr. T. J. Brain seconding. An amendment referring the matter to the Finance Committee was, however, passed. It was stated that the present wage was 36s per week.[22]

Charlie (Credit: Margo Woodhill)

Westbury Board of Guardians

The Boards of Guardians, who administered the Poor Law, were made up of elected representatives.  The Guardians had the statutory responsibility to provide relief to the destitute in the form of accommodation in a workhouse or outdoor relief in cash, vouchers or a loan. However, this only applied to the physically fit men if no work was available. The local parish authorities collected the money required to fund the Boards of Guardians from the rates (a tax on property).

In 1923, Charlie (age 35) was elected as a Poor Law Guardian on the Westbury Board of Guardians which was responsible for providing relief to the destitute in the East Dean area. The destitute living in the West Dean area were required to apply for relief from the Monmouth Board of Guardians, those living in Ruardean had to apply to the Ross Boards of Guardians and those living in the Lydney area had to apply to the Chepstow Board of Guardians.

There were approximately 35 Guardians on the Westbury Board, although not all of them could attend every meeting. This was a particular problem for Charlie as he worked shifts and so was not able to attend all the meetings. Charlie immediately came into conflict with some of the older members of the Board who represented the interests of the establishment. In particular, he often clashed with the chair, George Rowlinson.

George Rowlinson (Credit: Dean Heritage Centre)

Rowlinson was the FDMA agent from 1888 to 1918 and had been a member of the Liberal Party but now sat as an independent. In the period before the war, Rowlinson had opposed attempts by the FDMA to affiliate with the Labour Party. He was finally voted out of office in 1918 over his support for the conscription of miners, failure to support his members during industrial disputes and his opposition to the Labour Party. As a result, he was hostile to the existing leaders of the FDMA who were instrumental in getting him voted out of office.[23]

However, Rowlinson had the support of most of the members of the Board, who were mainly senior members of the establishment. In contrast, Charlie could only rely on the support of the four other Labour members. In March 1923, the Western Mail reported the following confrontation when Charlie was rudely interrupted by Rowlinson and other Board members:

Mason remarked he had no more sympathy with a man in the higher walks of life because of his position than he felt for one of the ” submerged tenth.” He went on: “If the Duke of York…”

The Chairman: “No, no. The Duke of York has nothing to do with it. He is not before us.” A chorus of members joined the chairman’s protest against Mr. Mason’s remark.[24]

Charlie was keen to represent the interests of the workhouse residents but often got a hostile response from Rowlinson. In November 1924 the Gloucestershire Echo reported:

Mr. C. E. Mason, at a meeting Tuesday of the Westbury-on-Severn Guardians, reported that some of the old men had confided in him that for more than a month both meat and bread were deficient as to quantity and quality, whilst vegetables – potatoes chiefly – had been scarce. Mr Mason suggested the complaint deserves an inquiry. Three old men—one on crutches—came before the board, and bore out Mr Mason’s statement. The Chairman (Mr G. H. Rowlinson) and several guardians said that such a serious complaint could not be allowed to pass unchallenged, and at the Chairman’s suggestion the house committee was instructed to hold an inquiry. The Chairman said that he had himself dined off the ordinary menu, which ought to satisfy anyone.[25]

In the end, an enquiry concluded that the food was adequate.

1926 Lockout

In early 1926, the British colliery owners announced they wanted to end the existing national agreement, cut wages and increase hours. On 1 May 1926, having refused to accept an increase in hours and a reduction in pay, one million miners across Britain, including nearly 6500 miners from the Forest of Dean, were locked out again.

Opening with the heady days of the general strike, the miners’ lockout of 1926 was a pivotal moment in British twentieth-century history and it continued for seven months. In the Forest of Dean, where coal mining was the main industry, its impact was profound and poverty and destitution became widespread.

Merthyr Tydfil Judgment

As a result of a legal ruling made in 1900, called the Merthyr Tydfil Judgment, striking miners were not considered by the authorities to be destitute because they were deemed to have refused work. However, their dependents such as wives, children under fourteen and widowed mothers could be helped with an allowance if they were in severe need.[26] At the start of the General Strike, the FDMA suggested miners should go to the Boards of Guardians to claim Poor Law relief and argue they were not on strike but locked out and destitute.

The Ministry of Health issued a circular recommending that Boards should abide by the Merthyr Tydfil Judgment. The circular added that any money coming into the house from other sources such as donations, working children, pensions or savings could be deducted from the weekly allowance. The families of miners who owned or were buying their property with a mortgage were also disqualified from relief.[27]

The use of the Poor Law powers during the 1926 lockout varied considerably from region to region and the most significant factor influencing a particular Board’s policy was its political stance. In some districts, the Labour members were in the majority on the Boards and argued that the Merthyr Tydfil Judgment ruling was ambiguous because it ignored the statutory duty to provide for all those who were destitute. In addition, there was a question mark over whether the judgement applied to the 1926 dispute because some argued that the colliery owners had broken the terms of a national agreement and so the miners were not on strike and refusing employment but were locked out.

In Durham, Yorkshire and South Wales, some Boards applied for loans to cover extra costs and were able to provide relief to some single miners during the lockout and were relatively generous with the amount they paid out to the wives and children of miners. However, in the Forest, where Labour members were in a minority, most of the guardians insisted on a strict interpretation of the rules and the recommendations in the Ministry of Health circular. They argued that work was available and there was no difference between a locked-out miner and one on strike.

Consequently, in the Forest of Dean, no outdoor relief was available to able-bodied single men or married men.  The ruling proved to be particularly harsh on single men who were left with no income. If single men lived in lodgings or with family members, they became dependent on the families with whom they lived, adding an extra burden to those households.

The Labour members on the Boards in the Forest of Dean did their best to challenge the legality and morality of the decisions made by most of the Board members, most of whom were from upper or middle-class backgrounds. Some Board members like Rowlinson, were well-versed in using legalistic arguments and bureaucratic manoeuvres to undermine those Labour members who were less knowledgeable or experienced.

In some respects, the battles fought by the Labour members on the Boards of Guardians were as important as those fought on the picket lines. Without a regular income from the Guardians, it was unlikely the miners could resist the temptation to return to work.

The lengthy debates at the Board of Guardians were often recorded word for word in the local papers, including the many disputes over the attempts by Board members to reduce the allowance and whether the award was issued as a voucher, in cash, or as a loan. Consequently, it is possible to summarise the debates and reproduce some of the exact words spoken by Charlie during his fight to defend the interests of the Forest of Dean miners in 1926.

Westbury Union

In 1926, Labour Party members on the Westbury Board included Frank Ashmead, William Ayland, Abraham Booth, Tim Brain, Harry Morse and Charlie Mason. Ayland was a general labourer from Westbury-on-Severn.  Morse was a collier from Blakeney who worked at New Fancy colliery. Booth worked as an insurance agent for a Friendly Society and Ashmead worked as a clerk at Cinderford cooperative bakery. Mason and Morse were now locked-out miners. Brain, who was a colliery deputy, continued to work at Cannop to prevent flooding and  help maintain the pit.

Most of the remaining 30 members of the Westbury Board were senior members of the establishment. Most owned their businesses as shopkeepers, tradesmen or farmers and nearly all were employers.  Two were members of the aristocracy.  They were vehemently opposed to the action of the miners in refusing to accept a reduction in wages and an increase in hours.

The chairman, George Rowlinson, who had fallen out with the FDMA and was hostile to the miners, sat as an Independent.   Ashmead was an ex-miner who had worked closely with Rowlinson when he was the agent for the FDMA and, out of loyalty, he often backed Rowlinson up in the meetings.

John Williams

John Williams (Dean Forest Mercury 12 May 1922)

On Friday 7 May, there was a long queue of miners outside the office of the Westbury relieving officer for the Cinderford area, who was registering applications for relief. Consequently, by mid-May, the Westbury Board had received over 700 applications from the families of miners. On 11 May, an emergency meeting of the Westbury Board met to discuss how to deal with the requests for relief.

In response, John Williams, the full-time agent for the FDMA from 1922 to 1953. worked with Charlie to organise a demonstration to pressurise the Westbury Board to provide adequate relief.  As a result, a large contingent of East Dean miners and their families walked or cycled to Westbury-on-Severn to lobby the Board meeting. At the beginning of the meeting, the Board agreed that they would receive a deputation from the demonstration to hear their case when they had finished their discussions.

During the discussions, Rowlinson said it might take a week to deal with all the applications and each case would be considered on its merit. After a long discussion, it was agreed that relief could only be offered to women and children and a weekly allowance of 10s for a miner’s wife, 4s for a first child and 2s 6d for other children up to a limit of 25s was decided upon. The relief would not be a loan and they would receive the allowance of 25 per cent in cash and 75 per cent in vouchers to be exchanged in local stores. The relief would be granted for only two weeks after which the cases would be reviewed. This amount of relief was less than recommended by the Ministry of Health and less than provided by some other districts.[28] Mason volunteered to join eight other Guardians on a relief committee to meet in Cinderford to consider further applications for relief and to grant relief according to the above scales.[29]

Throughout the meeting, there was some tension between Rowlinson and Charlie, who did his best to argue in the interests of destitute families and single men. At one point, Charlie correctly challenged Rowlinson’s claim that the law said that destitute single miners could not even be admitted to the workhouse.

The attitude of some of the Guardians appeared to be that the money belonged to them as ratepayers and they were donating it to the mining families out of charity. During the discussion, Charlie made the point that the miners were part of the community too and paid rates and so were entitled to benefits as of right in time of need. Daniel Walkley, who ran a transport business in Cinderford, and J. S. Bate, an estate agent from Blaisdon, claimed that their duty was to the ratepayers and that the young single miners could not be destitute because work was available to them. The Dean Forest Mercury reported Charlie’s reply:

Where? …As the youngest member of the Board, he understood his duty quite well and was not going to Mr Walkey to learn it. He was representing the public, and a most essential part of the public. The miners were in the public area. He took it that young men also put money into the fund for administering the Poor Law.[30]

Charlie went on to argue that the Board’s duty was to consider the destitution of members of the community when assessing if relief should be provided without prejudice. He added that the Ministry of Health had stated that the Guardians should not take sides in industrial conflicts which it appeared as if they were doing.

Williams and Thomas Etheridge, the full-time financial secretary of the FDMA, were then invited into the meeting as representatives of the delegation. They presented a case for relief for all miners, particularly the single men, arguing that it would be humiliating for them to enter the workhouse. He added that another vulnerable group was made up of those who owned their houses or were paying a mortgage as they were in danger of losing their property if they could not keep up payments. He asked for relief to be paid wholly in cash to prevent exploitation by tradesmen.[31]

When addressing the crowd of miners and their families outside after the meeting, Williams reported that the Board had decided that the cases of able-bodied single men would not be entertained but, if completely destitute, they may be allowed a bed in the workhouse. He reported the cases of house owners would be considered on merit and any money received from the MFGB or elsewhere would be deducted from the allowance. The relief would be paid out at Wesley Hall in Cinderford on Saturday mornings. Williams added:

I want to acknowledge we owe the Board of Guardians something for the courtesy they have shown us this morning.[32] 

Loan

At a meeting of the Westbury Board held Tuesday 25 May, the Guardians were informed by the finance committee that by the end of next week the Board will be about £6000 overdrawn so it would be necessary to arrange an overdraft with the bank. They added the precepts from the local authority due to them as their share of the money collected from the rates was due 1 June but it was unclear if they would receive them. The use of overdrafts and government loans to Boards of Guardians, during this period, was widespread and some other Boards were far more heavily in debt.

As a result, the Finance Committee presented a motion that stated that from now on the grant should be in the form of a loan and reviewed every week. In response, Charlie argued that:

He could see no reason why the grant should be in the future in the form of a loan. He thought the subject was carefully considered last week and he did not know what the prospects were of return even if they did grant it on loan. It seemed to him more or less a farce because the people were destitute and knowing the district very well, he could not see what chance of their paying the money back.

Charlie argued that East Dean was more disadvantaged than other districts because the house coal pits in East Dean often only worked part-time. However, when it came to a vote, Charlie only got the backing of four other Labour Party members while Rowlinson, Ashmead and the others voted in favour of the finance committee motion. It was also agreed that the Board should meet every Tuesday while the present emergency lasted.

Charlie vs Rowlinson

On Tuesday 1 June, the Westbury Union met again and the Guardians were informed that a meeting of the Finance Committee had produced a report which recommended that relief for the first child should be reduced from 4s to 2s 6d. Rowlinson then informed the meeting that a resolution had been passed at the Finance Committee that the allowances would be fully awarded in the form of vouchers. Booth complained about this decision but was overruled by Rowlinson who claimed the conditions had changed.

Charlie argued that the resolution about the vouchers had not been agreed upon at a full meeting of the Board and challenged Rowlinson over the undemocratic way the decision had been made. He then moved a motion, seconded by Booth, that the decision be rescinded. Rowlinson replied that he needed seven days’ notice to accept a motion to rescind a resolution. Charlie attempted to respond but was told by Rowlinson that he had spoken more than once and he should “not strain the feelings of the Board”.

After more discussion, Charlie moved an amendment that the allowance for the first child remains at 4s. However, the motion was defeated with twenty-two against and only Labour Party members (Charlie, Abraham Booth, Harry Morse, William Ayland and Tim Brain) voting in favour. At that point, the atmosphere became quite tense when it appeared that Charlie accused Rowlinson of lacking courage. Rowlinson replied, “I don’t allow you or anyone to tackle me on my courage.”[33]

Finally, Brain presented a resolution, seconded by Booth, that the families of miners whose property is mortgaged should also get relief but this was defeated with 11 votes in favour and 13 against.[34]

Cinderford

On Tuesday afternoon 8 June a meeting was held at Cinderford Town Hall with Enos Taylor in the chair. Taylor was a locked-out miner who worked at Foxes Bridge colliery. He said the main purpose of the meeting was to protest against the decision of the relieving officers to deduct money from the loans to those on relief, on the assumption that they had received money from the MFGB donated by the Russian miners.

Williams said he also wanted to protest against the decision of the Westbury Board to reduce the allowance for the first child and provide relief solely in the form of vouchers. He pointed out that the vouchers were provided only for food and did not cover other necessities like medicines. In addition, he argued that the families of miners who owned their own houses needed help too. The Dean Forest Mercury reported that Williams:

Thought it was only fitting that he should read the names of the five persons who had displayed with courage and remained so loyal to them in the discussions at the Guardians as reported in the “Mercury” – Mr Morse of Blakeney; Charlie Mason – who was putting up a very vigorous fight indeed (applause) – Tim Brain, Abraham Booth, and William Ayland (applause). These were five persons who had been standing up in the interests of everybody.[35]

Williams argued that they needed to make a protest or the Guardians would continue to reduce the allowances. He argued that there may have to be an increase in the rates to cover the cost and felt that most people in the community were prepared to make this sacrifice.  A resolution of protest against the action of the Westbury Board in reducing the allowances was proposed by Joseph Holder and seconded by Jack Harris, both locked-out miners, and passed without dissent.[36]

Bureaucratic Manoeuvres

On Tuesday 8 June, the Westbury Board met again and Rowlinson continued to use bureaucratic manoeuvres to undermine attempts by the Labour Party members to challenge his authority. He reported that some traders had complained they had lost custom because most of the people receiving the vouchers were exchanging them at the Co-operative Store. As a result, Charlie put forward a motion that 25 per cent of the allowance be in cash to give those receiving relief more choices. However, this motion was disallowed by Rowlinson.

Booth then presented a motion that applicants could receive an extra allowance to cover rent and mortgage interest repayments and that families owning their own houses should be eligible for relief. Rowlinson refused to accept the motion, arguing it needed to be tabulated in the correct form and given to the clerk to be presented at the next meeting. Charlie asked if families needed to travel to Cinderford to make a new application every week. Rowlinson argued it was not possible to make any changes because the Board had already passed a motion to grant relief one week at a time.[37]

Co-operative Society Membership

Most miners living in Cinderford were members of the Cinderford Co-operative Society, which was very much part of the labour movement in the Forest. Cinderford Co-operative Society, just like other Co-operative Societies in the Forest of Dean, was run and managed by its members in the interests of its members, mainly to provide relatively cheap food. In Cinderford where eighty per cent of the population were miners, the management committee included some miners.[38] 

The hostility of some members of the Board towards the miners was highlighted at the next meeting of the Westbury Board on Tuesday 15 June. Rowlinson had discovered that members of the Co-operative Society in Cinderford needed to hold a maximum of three pounds in their account to maintain their membership. If the amount dropped below this then they would lose the benefits of membership. Rowlinson claimed that Co-operative Society members could not be classed as destitute as they had £3 in savings and therefore were not entitled to relief. Charlie responded by presenting a motion, seconded by Ayland, that the Board consider such cases as destitute. However, Charlie was forced to withdraw the resolution on being told by Rowlinson that the Board was legally obliged to strictly follow its rules on savings.[39] In contrast, most other Boards of Guardians in mining areas were far less rigid in their interpretation of the law.

Following this, one of the Labour Party members, Harry Morse, explained that under the existing system, any money coming into the house was deducted from the allowance which had a maximum of 25s. He proposed that in future in a house with four, five or six children then if 12s were going into the house in income from other sources this should now be ignored. Likewise, 9s should be ignored if there are three children and 7s if there is a wife and child. He presented a resolution to this effect which was seconded by Booth and Charlie.

Charlie spoke in favour of the motion adding that it was wrong that war pensions were being deducted from the allowance. However, Rowlinson told Charlie he could not speak again. When the motion was put to the vote it lost with only the four Labour Party members present voting in favour.[40]

The Labour Party members continued to make a stand. On 22 June, Booth put forward a motion, seconded by Mason that the decision to pay allowances in kind made on 25 May should be rescinded, but was lost with only the five Labour Party members voting in favour. Similarly, a motion presented by Booth and seconded by Mason that “an allowance be given to cover rent” was also defeated.[41]

No More Relief

By mid-August, about 750 women and children were receiving relief, in the form of loans, from the Westbury Board of Guardians.  On 3 August, the Board decided by a small majority to cut off all relief to miners’ wives and children arguing that since some pits were open work was available to them. The motion was presented by Mr Blanton and seconded by Mr Boughton and stated that:

Relief orders shall continue for this week and then cease. [42]

The motion was passed with ten in favour and five against. Charlie and the other Labour members pointed out that as far as they knew Westbury was the only Board in the country to cut all relief to the families of miners. However, Rowlinson and his supporters on the Board refused to listen.[43] Tim Brain was shocked and:

appealed to the Christian men: Did they want the country built upon slavery? It was not Christian If men wished to force them to that. They talked about relieving the miners, but it was their wives and children they appealed for. But if they were, they were not dealing with cowards, but with men who had stood all these weeks on empty stomachs for what they thought right.[44]

The decision of the Westbury Board of Guardians was highly controversial and possibly illegal because Guardians had a statutory duty to provide relief to the destitute, provided they were not an unemployed man for whom work was available. The only other Board of Guardians to take such extreme action in the summer of 1926 were Bolton at the end of July and Lichfield on 3 September. This had a significant impact on the course of the lockout in the Forest and achieved its aim of driving some miners back to work.

Purcell

Alf Purcell

As a result of the decision of the Westbury Board of Guardians to discontinue relief to miners’ families, Alf Purcell, M.P. for the Forest of Dean, wrote a letter to Chamberlain, the Minister of Health in which he said:

I draw your attention to the matter of the Westbury-on-Severn Board Guardians in connection with their refusal of outdoor relief to miners within the Westbury Union. As far I can gather, the Board has, in effect, stopped outdoor relief to all except those who have applied for work at the pits and been refused. (in reference to men applying for work at pits where some men have resumed employment).

Further, if my information is correct, it would appear clear that the Westbury-on-Severn Board are not carrying out their duty set forth in the circular referred to by Sir Kingsley Wood, in the House of Commons on Thursday, July 22, and set out on page 1,560, Parliamentary Debates, follows:

The function of the Guardians is to relieve destitution within the limits prescribed by law, and they are in no way concerned with the merits of an individual dispute, even though it results in applications for relief. They cannot, therefore, give any weight to their views in dealing with the applications made.”  Again, on page 1,674, Sir Kingsley Wood stated: “But where on the one hand we have case like West Ham, or the other hand case like Lichfield, both at opposite ends as it were the matter which we are discussing, then it is properly—as I think the House will agree—the duty of the Ministry of Health to see that the law is complied with.”

I need scarcely assure you that the position is a rather serious one calling for urgent attention, and I shall feel ever so much obliged if you will give your immediate attention to the whole matter.[45]

In response, on 11 August, the FDMA organised a mass meeting of miners and their families in Cinderford, where Williams argued that the guardians could be breaking the law and suggested that the miners’ wives should apply on mass for admission into the workhouse.[46] Williams, Charlie and a group of miners’ wives decided to implement a plan that women should seek admission to the workhouse by obtaining the necessary orders from the relieving officer. Consequently, by 14 August the relieving officer in Cinderford had received over 100 applications for admission to the workhouse.[47]

On the 13th of August, the local press published the latest figures of men returning to work in the Forest pits. Apart from the safety men, the figures were: Eastern United 260, Lightmoor 272, Norchard 75, Waterloo 28, New Regulator 14, Slope 13, New Fancy 15, and Oldcroft Colliery 43 giving a total of 720 out of about 6,000.  Most of these men were from East Dean, the district covered by the Westbury Board. Only a handful of men had returned to the pits in West Dean covered by the Monmouth Board who were still providing relief to the families of locked-out miners.

Protest

In addition to the plan that women should seek admission to the workhouse on 20 August, Williams and Charlie worked with a group of miners’ wives to organise a protest outside the Westbury workhouse and arranged transport from Cinderford. On Tuesday 17 August several hundred men, women and children met in Cinderford. Some were transported by coach but most had to walk the eight miles from the Cinderford area to Westbury.

The demonstration was held outside a meeting of the Board and was met by a large contingent of mounted and foot police. The demonstrators were rowdy but peaceful and were led by the women who sang songs including the Red Flag.

A motion presented by Booth and seconded by Mason that Purcell could be allowed to speak to the Board was refused by a majority vote of 13 to 10. An attempt by one of the members of the Board to present a motion to offer relief for one more week was ruled out of order by Rowlinson but the Board agreed to consider each of the 600 applications from the families of miners on merit. However, on 17 July 1926, 3,677 people were receiving Poor Law relief at the Westbury Union but by 14 August this number had been reduced to 388, which confirmed that the majority of families had had their relief cancelled.

A deputation of two men and two women asked for immediate relief for the hungry crowd and as a result, they were provided with bread and cheese by workhouse employees before returning home where they were greeted as heroines.[48] Meanwhile, the local women’s committee of the Labour Party raised a sum sufficient to pay 4s. per head to the miners affected by the Westbury Board’s decision.[49]

Occupation of Workhouse

On Friday 20 August the FDMA arranged transport from Cinderford to Westbury for about 300 women, children and babies, who had received orders from the relieving officer which entitled them admission into the workhouse. Some women brought as many as 6 or 7 children and, as there was no spare space on the coaches, some men and women set off on foot.

On arrival at the workhouse Williams and Charlie met Mr and Mrs Striven, the master and matron, and told them that they had no choice but to admit the women who possessed the necessary orders from the relieving officer. After receiving tea, bread and margarine some walked back to Cinderford while about 100 women and 200 children entered the institution. The accommodation was poor and crowded with only 100 beds, so most of the women stayed up all night and were later accused by the Strivens of shouting and singing all night, tearing pillowslips for the babies and refusing to make their beds or doing any domestic work. However, having made their protest, it was clear the institution could not cope, so they all decided to return to Cinderford the following evening.[50]

In 1987, Ellen Jones, at the age of 89 wrote an article in the Forest and Wye Valley Review, called When Charlie Mason led the Miners, describing her experiences of the occupation.

The miners’ leader was Charlie Mason of Brierley whose daughter is Winifred Foley, the author of A Child in the Forest. I don’t remember if he encouraged us or if we group of women and children of our own free will went to the Poor Law Institution at Westbury to try and get help for our men.

Some of us went very bravely – I with my two little girls and Jim, a baby in arms. While there we tried to make the best of it. One jolly woman would say. “Never mind girls – cheer up – I can smell bacon and eggs cooking for breakfast.” But no such luck! Just porridge!

The staff did their best for us down there but we couldn’t cope for long, so we all decided to return home. On the weary walk to Cinderford, we met our husbands coming down to bring us a bit of tea and sugar. The miners’ leader met me and asked if I would take my children into Cinderford Town Hall on the back way and when I did so I was met by a roomful of people cheering and clapping, I felt quite a heroine![51]

Report from the Master

On Tuesday 24 August, the Westbury Board of Guardians heard the following report from Mr Scrivens, the Master of the workhouse:

On Friday evening August 20th about 7-30 o’clock 86 women and 184 children were admitted to this Institution and on Saturday afternoon 7 women and 19 children were admitted, making a total of 93 women and 203 children. The applicants remained for 4 hours on the highway before coming in.

All of them had orders of admission from the Relieving Officer with the exception of one woman with five children who stated she had lost the order and 7 other women from Brierley who said they had been to the Relieving Officer that Friday evening but that he was out when they called. In the circumstances I admitted them.

The party were accompanied by Mr Mason (Guardian) and Mr Williams (Miners Agent). The usual Dietary for supper consisting of tea, bread and margarine, was served, but a considerable quantity was left on the plates, the women stating they could not eat margarine.

The young children, pregnant women and nursing mothers were given milk, and hot milk was supplied to babies three times during the night. Milk was served on admission when Mr. Mason was present and, he assisted in this.

Everyone had a bed with the exception of small children who slept two in a bed and plenty of bed clothing was provided. This was rather awkward to arrange at first as parties would not divide for some time and in some cases, they pushed the beds together, this accounts for the statements that 4 or 5 slept in a bed.

They kept singing and shouting up to midnight. The Matron appealed to them at midnight to be reasonable as they were upsetting the old people and those in the sick wards which was unreasonable by their singing and noise, they were not quiet all night.

The new blankets that had been purchased were trampled on. They burst the locks of cupboards open and tore the pillow slips to use for their babies and after use threw them down the lavatories. They refused to empty slops and upon being spoken to about this took up a threatening attitude towards the staff.

The women complained to Mr Mason on his arrival at Midday that they couldn’t obtain soap and water to wash their children with. This was not so as they were shown the bathroom where there were baths, bowls, hot and cold water and an unlimited supply of soap, towels and bath sheets. They were very noisy all night and none of the staff could go to bed until long past midnight.

Mr. Williams called on Saturday morning at 8 o’clock and asked if he could go through and speak to the women, but I told him I thought it was not advisable for me to allow him to do that, and he used rather insulting remarks towards me, one remark was that the meal supplied was pigwash. Not a single complaint was received about the dinner consisting of bread meat and potatoes and the children also received rice pudding. With regard to the bedding provided, all our spare beds were used and 20 straw mattresses were made up in the emergency – straw mattresses are used in many Institutions for this purpose.

There is ample accommodation in the Institution for the number we admitted and for more. It is within my knowledge that some of the women handed two shillings and half crowns to the Officials to buy biscuits for them and quite a lot of money was spent in this way in the village.

I should on behalf of the Matron and myself like to commend to the Board the untiring efforts of all the Indoor Officials, all of whom remained up all night as it was impossible to retire to bed on account of the noise and the fact that although we had settled them down comfortably for the night they would not do so.

I should also like to say that a number of the women on taking their discharge on Saturday afternoon expressed their appreciation of what had been done on their behalf and said they couldn’t possibly expect anything better in the circumstances.

Mr Mason came to the House on Friday the 20th of August and was shown by the Matron the accommodation in the women’s Block and the children’s Block which had been prepared for them, he expressed his approval of the arrangements and signed the Visiting Committee Book, he also inspected the Dietary Sheet.

On Saturday Mr Mason came to the House and was given an opportunity of inspecting the quarters and the condition they had been left by the persons admitted on Friday, but he declined.

Mr. Mason addressed the Women in the House and said he would see what could be done about the Dietary on Tuesday if they would remain in the House. In the presence of the women, he was told that the Dietary could not be altered.

B.H.Scriven (Master).

The Board passed a motion commending the Master and indoor staff on how they had discharged their duties. This was followed by a motion presented by Booth and seconded by Brain that the Board continue to provide outdoor relief but this failed. However, the Board did agree to hear a statement from a deputation representing the families of locked-out miners, but their appeals to continue to provide relief were ignored.

Consequently, the Labour members became very angry with the attitude of the majority of Board members who were unprepared to listen to the arguments presented by the delegation. Arguments broke out and, in the end, the meeting had to be abandoned.[52]

Destitution

With the support of Williams and Charlie, the miners’ wives continued their campaign and organised two marches headed by brass bands, one from Cinderford and the other from Drybrook, which converged at the Co-operative Society’s field in Cinderford. In his speech, Williams argued that the Westbury Board’s decision might be illegal if it led to destitution.

The Ministry of Health warned the Westbury Board that it was their statutory duty to provide relief to anyone in their community who was destitute. However, in the end, no action was taken against the Board because it argued that its duty to prevent destitution was covered by law if the workhouse was offered as an alternative.

Some Forest mining families were running out of food and this had a significant impact on the decision of some men in the Forest of Dean to return to work. This situation contrasted with other areas where the miners and their families continued to receive relief. For John Williams:

This was the beginning of the end of the strike in the Forest of Dean. Nearly every day now I was called to most of the collieries to deal with men returning to work. The workmen had been out of work for over four months. They had not received a penny strike pay from our funds. We had no funds. The only payment received by the workmen of this district was one payment out of what was described as ‘Russian Money’.[53]

Evacuation

Consequently, it was decided to organise an evacuation scheme for children to stay with sympathetic families who could afford to look after them. It was agreed that for families with more than three or more children, the fourth child should be evacuated to London. One of those chosen was Winifred Foley, the daughter of Charlie. Winifred recollects her expereince on arriving in London:

One by one the children were led out as people decided which of them to take into their homes. As the numbers thinned we huddled in the middle. Soon only two were left: Florence and me. ‘O God, don’t let me be last!’ I prayed. After a pause, Florence was taken out. But it seemed that the stomach of charity was not strong enough to take me. I hung my head in shame. I was not only unwanted, I was a nuisance. To make it worse I couldn’t hold back my tears. I wiped them away quickly with the sleeve of my cardigan. As I stood there alone, a thin young man with a very kind face and manner hurried up to me. ‘Come on, kiddie,’ he said, ‘I know where we’ve got a nice home for you. Are you hungry?’[54]

Defeat

Charlie continued to press the Board to support the destitute in his community. At a Board meeting on 7 September 1926, he protested over a decision to refuse relief to a widow who was the mother of a locked-out miner. However, Rowlinson argued that the case was the same as all the others in that work was available to the son and it was his duty to maintain his mother.[55]

Meanwhile, pressure on the families in West Dean increased when, on 9 October, the Monmouth Guardians announced they would cut off all relief to the dependents of locked-out miners. The Labour members on the Board protested but to no avail. At about the same time, a similar decision was made by the Guardians on the Ross and Chepstow Boards.

However the drift back to work was now beginning in other districts and by the end of November, the MFGB Executive had no choice but to accept defeat and contacted the government and informed them they would accept a reduction in wages provided they were framed by a new national agreement. After consulting with the owners, the government came up with new proposals for a return to work but insisted on district agreements on wages and hours. On Friday 18 November, the Gloucester Citizen announced:

Mr David Organ, President of the Dean Forest Miners’ Association, presided on Wednesday night over a meeting of the Executive Council, when the business was to receive reports brought in from the lodges to the view of the rank and file on the Government memorandum. The result was somewhat of a surprise, for the report presented at the close of the examination of the returns showed that there was practically unanimous expression of acceptance of the Government terms. Mr Jack Williams, the Miners’ Agent, therefore received a mandate to say that the voice of the Forest of Dean miners was favourable to a settlement. The advice was given that men who had not already done so should sign on at once. The dispute in the Forest of Dean coalfield is therefore at an end.[56]

Charlie and his colleagues fought hard and did the best they could against the combined forces of the colliery owners, the government and their supporters within the established elites in the Forest of Dean. The seven-month national mining lockout of 1926 was one of the most important industrial disputes of the twentieth century. It came to symbolise the defeat of the labour movement in the interwar years, casting a long shadow over industrial relations in the mining industry, and epitomizing the predicament of British miners in the early decades of the century.

Blacklisted

Most of the experienced FDMA members were blacklisted. Gilbert Roberts remembers Charlie was also blacklisted:

After the strike was over, he wasn’t allowed back to his pit. It was seven years before he worked in a pit again, this time at Northern United.[57]

Winfred Foley, remembers the support her family got from other members of the community and during her dad’s “seven-year victimisation from the pits these men did not forget us”.[58]   She added:

The injustice of this made Dad into a Socialist, his outspoken condemnation of local pit-owners leading to victimisation and barring him from work in the Forest mines for seven years, which made our lot worse than most. With a couple of other erudite miners, he found an outlet for his thoughts and feelings in discussions and arguments round the fireside.[59]

Three of Charlie’s close friends were the brothers Tim, Micah and Albert Brain. Tim and Albert worked at Cannop as deputies and Micah worked at Waterloo as a colliery watchman. A deputy is a colliery official charged with the supervision of safety, the ventilation of the workings, the inspection of timber work, etc. Deputies carried on working through the lockout with agreement of the FDMA to keep the pits safe, free from flooding, etc.

When Marion, who was Albert’s daughter, asked Mrs Hale, her teacher at Slad School in the 1920s what made Charlie different? Mrs Hale said, Charlie was a communist. He was about what Communism really means – fair shares for everyone –  and added that was why he couldn’t get a job and why they were so poor.[59b]

The 1930s were tough but even more so for those miners, like Charlie, who were blacklisted.  He obtained some work where he could but it was hardly enough for his family to live on. Consequently, Bess and Winifred had to leave home and get work as servants working for the wealthy and send money home. Winifred said Charlie was a skilled craftsman and engineer and kept busy at:

His little wooden workshop hut where he mended our boots, patched up pit-lamps, and put broken worn-out furniture together again for us and his neighbours, all for goodwill and because he had the skill to do it. [60]

He repaired an old lathe someone gave him and taught himself how to use it so well that he became the honorary village carpenter and bodger (traditional woodturner), producing turned chair legs and other wooden objects. With a large old metal container and a pipe bellows, he made a miniature smithy to mend pit-lamps and tools, and do other small metal repairs. He was a keen herbalist and a bee-keeper, so we always had honey. He built a little glass hive in the living-room window for us children to observe what went on in a beehive.[61]

Marie, Charlie and Gwen (Credit: Margo Woodhill)

Winifred says her Dad loved nature and was a keen herbalist and used his homemade medicines to cure:

us with his home-made potions. He gathered elderflower, yarrow, camomile, and other wild herbs, dried them and stored them in brown paper bags for his bitter brews. Constipation, coughs, colic, sickness, diarrhoea, sores, fever, delirium — whatever we had, out came the dreaded brown jug, and onto the hob it went with its infusion of herbs.[62]

Charlie also enjoyed developing and printing photographs and making wireless sets:

Wireless was in its infancy, especially where we lived, and Dad was fascinated by the phenomenon of sound waves. He bought a book about it and reckoned if he could afford the parts he could build a set.[63]

Northern United

Northern United Colliery

However, things improved with the opening of a new deep pit, Northern United, by Henry Crawshay and Company in 1934. The manager, Joseph Morrison, constructed a house for himself nearby and hired Charlie to build the garden. The pit was situated near Brierley and, as Morrison was seeking skilled miners, Charlie obtained a job there as a maintenance man. Within a few years, he was promoted to the role of colliery deputy (examiner) whose job was to examine a designated area of the mine before a shift started to ensure that all the statutory rules were complied with and the area was safe for the men to work in.

Mining is by its very nature dangerous and accidents often happen. On 25 May 1936, John Roberts (age 50) was killed by the falling of 3 cwt of dirt from the roof of the face. His death was due to internal haemorrhage and fracturing of nearly all his ribs. During the inquest, it was reported that:

Charlie Enoch Mason, colliery examiner, of Brierley, said he went to fetch the stretcher, but found that it had been removed from its usual place at the bottom of the pit. He phoned to the pit head for it, and it was brought quickly, without any delay. Mr. Morrison explained that the stretcher had been taken up to be cleaned. [64]

About this time, Charlie started to suffer from deafness and so he was downgraded from his role as examiner and was sent back to work as an miner. He remained a member of the FDMA and continued to attend their meetings and took on responsible roles.

World War Two

Charlie, just like his colleagues at Northern, was committed to supporting the government in its war against fascism. As a result, the Forest miners worked flat out during the war including working extra shifts and initially working through all their holidays.  Charlie was a member of the production committee at Northern whose task was to consider all possible ways to increase productivity, reduce absenteeism and avoid unnecessary industrial disputes.

The government and media applied a huge amount of pressure on the miners to increase productivity because of the shortage of coal for the munitions industry. However, the labour force was getting older and some miners were disabled and suffering from lung disease and unable to work the long hours expected of them resulting in sickness and absenteeism. An additional problem impacting productivity was a huge shortage of skilled labour as many miners had volunteered for the military or moved to better paid work with safer and healthier conditions. As a result in the Spring of 1941, the government introduced an Essential Work Order (EWO) which placed a statutory requirement on all skilled workers to register and tied workers to jobs considered essential for the war effort such as munitions, agriculture and mining.

The EWO empowered the Ministry of Labour to prevent workers from leaving the industry without permission and to direct skilled workers to wherever they were most needed. The EWO made persistent absentees the subject of the discipline of the national service officer. Charlie now had no choice but to remain working long hours with few breaks. However, he was part of an ageing workforce often suffering from lung disease and a shortage of food. Exhaustion soon crept in and so in the summer of 1941, after a strike at Princess Royal colliery, the Forest miners voted to take their one week’s holiday which was their right.

Death

The constant pressure to increase production coupled with exhaustion and long hours inevitably impacted safety. Charlie was now in his late fifties and was still required to carry out heavy physical work. Fifteen men were killed while working in Forest pits during World War Two.[65]

After the war in Europe ended in September 1945, there was still a shortage of coal and pressure on the miners to raise productivity and the EWO remained in place.  On 13 December 1945, Charlie Mason became one more person among the thousands killed in the coalfields of Britain.

Dean Forest Mercury 14 December 1945

The Dean Forest Mercury on 21 December 1945 reported:

A well-known and highly esteemed Brierley inhabitant, Mr Charlie E. Mason (59) was accidentally killed at Northern United Colliery, on Thursday, Dec 13th, as reported in last week’s Mercury. He was a member of the Northern United Lodge and the Production Committee and a prominent Trade Unionist, and highly regarded by the officials and his fellow workmen. He was keenly interested in the social life of the district. He leaves a wife, one son and four daughters to whom the greatest sympathy is extended.

Charlie’s watch recovered from his body after he was killed (Credit: Clive Mason)

Charlie was working with his long-term friend Tim Brain. The accident happened while they were using a ‘Sylvester’ to pull a ring from a roadway using a timber setting, which was used to support the roof, as an anchor.[66] Tragically instead of pulling the ring, the timber setting moved and this caused the roof to collapse crushing both men.

The alarm was sounded. Within a short time rescuers were attacking the mound of debris which had engulfed the two friends. Brain, severely crushed and suffering with a broken leg, was quickly located. ” Never mind me—find Charlie,” he pleaded as he pointed out the spot in which he last saw his comrade alive. And still trapped, he watched the rescue party turn to dig for Mason and later he saw them extricate him. But Mason had worked his last shift —he was dead.[67]

On Saturday 15 December a meeting of the Forest of Dean Trades Council, which is made up of delegates from nearly all the trade union branches in the Forest, passed a resolution moved by the secretary, G D H Jenkins, to send a letter of sympathy to Charlie’s family.

Jenkins paid a warm tribute to the work Mr Mason had done for the betterment of the working man.[68]

The chair, William Ellway, added that:

Mr Mason was sincere in his convictions and full of enthusiasm for the cause of workers. He is another of our comrades who had died with his boots on. That is often said of soldiers: it can be said of miners.[69]

The day of Charlie’s funeral was 17 Dec 1945. It was a cold, windy day with sleet and snow. Despite Charlie’s agnosticism, a preacher led a small service outside his cottage in Brierley which was attended by a large crowd of mourners. Charlie’s work comrades then carried his coffin through the woods to the Holy Trinity Church in Drybrook where the internment took place.

They carried him in relays, nearly two miles to the church, and everyone was glad to take the burden.[70]

A huge crowd attended his funeral including many relatives, friends, and work colleagues. Representing the FDMA were William Ellway, chairman, John Williams, agent, Harry Morgan, finance officer, Wallace Jones, safety officer and Harry Barton, the Forest of Dean representative on the South Wales Miners’ Federation Executive. Among the flowers there was a “Tribute from “A Friend.”

In him we have lost a great champion in the cause of humanity. All who knew him remember his struggles for a better system of society, his work with the council: his connection with the Miners’ Executive, and pit Production Committees earned him great respect. Some will remember his leading a band of women to Westbury Institution in order to strengthen the case of the miners on strike, He was an inspiration to the young; he comforted the old with a reasoning which they understood was unselfish to a fine degree. [71]

On 4 January the Dean Forest Mercury published the following letter:

You have been very generous to the space allotted on the death of my dear father, Charles Mason. But from a heart broken in grief at his passing, I feel the public should know how just and kind and a dear parent he was. And in his memory, I would urge fathers to practice tolerance, love and understanding towards their children. Thank you, Dad from one of his children.

John Williams paid tribute to Charlie as follows:

Charlie was held in respect, a reflection of his own estimable life. He was not without his faults, but the few he had were eclipsed by his many virtues and outstanding merits. The highest testimony to his integrity is that his innumerable friends thought, felt and said the same about him when he was alive as they are thinking, feeling and saying now. Charlie Mason had known and experienced prolonged and intense poverty, and during his life had endured severe privations and hardships because of his convictions, yet he bore no malice towards those who brought these privations and hardships upon him. Charlie Mason was a thinker and it was always a delight to listen to him. He was sometimes away from the point at issue, but by some means or other, he was more charming and graceful on those occasions than when he addressed himself to the point. The world would be better in many ways if there were more people like Charlie Mason.[72]

The inquest was conducted by the Forest of Dean Divisional Coroner, (M. F. Carter).  The local Inspector of Mines, W. E. Thomas, who was present at the inquest, strongly condemned the anchoring of the Sylvester to a wooden prop. However, Lewis Witt, the undermanager at Northern United Colliery argued that considering the peculiar circumstances involved – the nature of the soft roof – there was some justification for the method the two men had used.

Clearly, there was pressure to get the job done quickly. Normally it was customary for the men to take the rest of the shift off out of respect. However, at this time, the demand for coal was so great there was no time for respect and the men were told to carry on working for the rest of the day.

Ralph Anstis said that whenever his name was mentioned in the Forest a smile came over people’s faces. ‘Oh, yes, I remember Charlie Mason’ they would say with affection’. [73]

 

[1] Ralph Anstis on Forest of Dean Community Radio 2002-2003 sent to me by Clive Mason and Paul Mason.

[2]  Winifred Foley, A Child in the Forest (London: BBC, 1974), Winifred Foley, Full Hearts and Empty Bellies, (London: Abacus, 2009) and Winifred Foley, No Pipe Dreams for Father (Coleford: Douglas Mclean, 1977).

[3] Winifred Foley, Great Aunt Lizzie (Oxford: Isis, 2002) and Winifred Foley, In and Out of the Forest (London: Century Publishing, 2009)

[4]  In and Out of the Forest, 44-45.

[5] Foley, Great Aunt Lizzie, 66-67.

[6] Foley, In and Out of the Forest,

[7] Foley, Great Aunt Lizzie, 5.

[8] Foley, Full Hearts and Empty Bellies, 14.

[9] Foley, In and Out of the Forest, 143.

[10] Foley, Great Aunt Lizzie, 95.

[11]
Foley, Full Hearts and Empty Bellies, 17.

[12] Foley, Full Hearts and Empty Bellies, 12.

[13] Foley, Full Hearts and Empty Bellies, 15.

[14] Ian Wright, God’s Beautiful Sunshine, The 1921 Lockout in the Forest of Dean (Bristol: BRHG, 2020).

[15] Dean Forest Mercury 8 April 1921.

[16] Anstis, Blood on Coal, 106.

[17] Dean Forest Mercury 15 July 1921.

[18] Foley, Great Aunt Lizzie, 68-69.

[19] Foley, Full Hearts and Empty Bellies, 83.

[20] Foley, Full Hearts and Empty Bellies, 103.

[21] Gloucester Citizen 17 March 1922.

[22] Gloucester Citizen 13 December 1923.

[23] Ian Wright, Coal on One Hand, Men on the Other, The Forest of Dean Miners’ Association and the First World War 1910-1922 (Bristol: BRHG, Chapter Four.

[24] Western Mail 7 March 1923.

[25] Gloucestershire Echo 12 November 1924 and Westbury Board Minutes 11 November 1924..

[26] During the 1898 miners’ strike in South Wales the Merthyr Board of Guardians decided to support destitute strikers, even though they had voluntarily withdrawn their labour. As a result, coal companies took the Merthyr Board of Guardians to court because they did not want striking workers to gain any financial support. In the subsequent famous High Court ruling in 1900, the Master of the Rolls (the equivalent of today’s Supreme Court), ruled the policy of relieving the strikers had been unlawful. Consequently, the Guardians were now only allowed to help dependents of strikers if they were destitute while single men had no access to poor relief whatsoever.  The high court verdict became known as The Merthyr Tydfil Judgment of 1900. 

[27] In the Forest of Dean, there was a higher proportion of owner-occupiers than in most other mining areas. This was because, after the 1831 riots, squatters who had encroached on statutory Forest land were allowed to remain in their properties and many were given freehold status.

[28] The recommended figures by the Ministry of Health were: 12s for a miner’s wife and 4s for a child (up to age 14) in the form of a loan up to a maximum of 32s per week.

[29] Westbury Board Minutes 18 May 1926.

[30] Dean Forest Mercury 14 May 1926.

[31] Dean Forest Mercury 14 May 1926 and Gloucester Citizen 19 May 1926.

[32] Dean Forest Mercury 14 May 1926.

[33] Dean Forest Mercury 4 June 1926 and Gloucestershire Chronicle 4 June 1926.

[34] Gloucestershire Chronicle 21 May 1926, Gloucestershire Chronicle 4 June 1926 and Westbury Board Minutes 1 June 1926.

[35] Dean Forest Mercury 11 June 1926.

[36] Dean Forest Mercury 11 June 1926.

[37] Dean Forest Mercury 11 June 1926.

[38] An excellent history of the Co-operative Society in the Forest of Dean can be found in Alistair Graham’s book The Forest Pioneers, The Story of the Co-operative Movement in the Forest of Dean published by the Co-operative Society in 2002.

[39] Dean Forest Mercury 18 June 1926.

[40] Dean Forest Mercury 18 June 1926.

[41] Westbury Board Minutes 22 June 1926.

[42] Westbury Board Minutes 3 August 1926.

[43] Gloucester Citizen 4 August 1926.

[44] Gloucester Journal 7 August 1926.

[45] Daily Herald 19 August 1926.

[46] Gloucester Citizen 12 August 1926.

[47] Gloucester Journal 21 August 1926.

[48] Gloucester Journal 21 August 1926.

[49] Daily Herald 19 August 1926.

[50] Gloucester Citizen 21 August 1926 and 25 August 1926.

[51] Forest of Dean Review, 1987. Thanks to Paul Mason for sending me this article

[52] Westbury Board Minutes 24 August 1926.

[53] John Williams, A Statement, 23 November 1961.

[54]  Foley, A Child in the Forest, 104.

[55] Gloucester Citizen 15 September 1926.

[56] Gloucester Citizen 18 November 1926.

[57] Phelps, Forest Voices, 68.

[58] Foley, No Pipe Dreams for Father, 36.

[59] Foley, Great Aunt Lizzie, 2.

[59b] Oral history of Marion and David Williams held at the Dean Heritage Centre. Thanks to Nicola Wynn.

[60] Foley, In and Out of the Forest, 75.

[61] Foley, Great Aunt Lizzie, 1-2.

[62] Foley, Full Hearts and Empty Bellies, 91-92.

[63] Foley, In and Out of the Forest, 107.

[64] Gloucester Journal 30 May 1936.

[65] Dave Tuffley, Roll of Honour, Forest of Dean Local History Society.

[66] Sylvester is a coal mining jacking device which comprises a ratchet bar with a handle (and attaching block), chain and hook.

[67] Gloucester Citizen 25 January 1946.

[68] Dean Forest Mercury 21 December 1945.

[69] Ibid.

[70] Foley, No Pipe Dreams for Father, 35.

[71] Dean Forest Mercury 21 December 1945.

[72] Maurice Bent, The Last Deep Mine of Dean (Forest of Dean: Self-Published, 1988) 128-129

[73] Ralph Anstis on Forest of Dean Community Radio 2002-2003 sent to me by Clive Mason and Paul Mason.

 

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An account of my trip to South Yorkshire Coalfield during the 1984/85 Miners’ Strike.

This is an account of my trips to South Yorkshire Coalfield in the Autumn of 1984 during the 1984/85 Miners’ Strike. It includes a description of my visit to Shireoaks Colliery in Worksop where I was a guest of friends, George and Christina Bell. I describe my experience of being attacked and beaten by the police while on the picket line at Maltby Colliery when I visited the pit with George in September 1984. Also included are accounts from the other members of the mining community and details of some of the events that took place at Maltby and Shireoaks during the strike.

At the time, I was living in London in a short-life Housing Association house in Shepherds Bush which I shared with two others. I was a member of Hammersmith and Fulham Miners Support Group, which was twinned with Sutton Manor Colliery in Lancashire. During the strike, miners from Sutton Manor, Shireoaks and Manton collieries (Worksop) stayed with us while they were in London for meetings or fundraising.

Ian Wright

 

We stood up to the establishment. Alright, we might not have won it, but we stood up for what we’ve believed in, we stood up for what we thought was right, and it’s worth remembering that people can still do this.[1]    Christina Bell

Towards the end of September 1984, the national papers were full of articles about running battles between heavily out-numbered police and 5000 violent miners’ pickets at Maltby Colliery, South Yorkshire. The trouble started when police reinforcements were brought in from other areas to clear the way for some subcontractors to enter the pit to carry out development work.

News articles and TV commentators reported that on Friday 21 September, there was a sustained attack lasting for about four hours by pickets using bricks, bottles and catapults firing rolled-up pieces of lead, ball bearings and marbles. The police claimed that dog handlers and their dogs in nearby woods were attacked with air guns and road signs. They added that walls near the pit entrance were torn down and used as missiles and to build barricades.

This is how the BBC and the Daily Mirror reported the Maltby picket of Friday 21 September.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUapdI7_KCg

Daily Mirror Saturday 22 September 1984.

According to the newspapers, on the following Monday morning violence erupted again outside Maltby Colliery with pickets again using air guns and catapults against the police. The papers claimed this resulted in about ten arrests and about 14 policemen injured (although the numbers reported varied considerably). The Daily Express claimed that :

pickets opened fire with deadly new weapons…500 brave policemen faced 5,000 raging pickets.[2]

The reports added that the local Labour MP, Kevin Barron, suffered bruising to his arms after being attacked by the police while walking back to his car. Barron said:

The police were bludgeoning people to the ground. When I went back later there was still a pool of blood on the pavement. I have never seen anything so brutal in my life.[3]

In response, the Tory MP Eldon Griffiths who is the Police Federation’s parliamentary adviser, called for the use of plastic bullets. The next day the South Yorkshire Police Committee met with the Home Secretary, Leon Britain who offered to review the government’s contribution to South Yorkshire’s policing costs. Except for the case of Kevin Barron, there was no mention of injuries to the pickets in the media. Here is a typical report on the events of Monday at Maltby.

Lincolnshire Echo – Monday 24 September 1984

Most of the reporting in the media amounted to a gross distortion of the truth and even outright lies. However, it was clear that in some cases the miners were fighting back but, in these cases, the reports failed to mention that the miners were responding to endless provocations. Emotions were running high and the tension between the police and the miners had deepened. The police increasingly behaved like a military occupying force taking over collieries and pit villages and communities felt they were under a state of siege. It was becoming clear that there was a danger the strike could be lost, collieries closed and jobs and communities destroyed. It was understandable that the miners were determined to fight back and defend themselves from an occupying hostile outside force which appeared to represent their enemies in Thatcher’s Tory Party and the NCB. There was violence on both sides. However, the media reports consistently underplayed the offensive violence from the police and exaggerated the defensive violence from the pickets.

The Build-up to the Conflict

On 1 March the National Coal Board (NCB) announced Cortonwood Colliery in South Yorkshire would close in five weeks having recently told its miners that the pit would stay open for another five years. The proposed closure of Cortonwood became the final straw in a series of closures which triggered the long-running UK miners’ strike of 1984–1985. On 5 March 1984, Cortonwood miners walked out on strike following a ballot and called on the Yorkshire Area NUM Council to call a strike of all its members. The Council agreed to do this and by the end of the week, the whole Yorkshire coalfield was on strike.

Neither Maltby Colliery nor Shireoaks Colliery in Worksop were threatened with closure. However, by 12 March, 1,350 miners at Maltby and 920 miners at Shireoaks had joined the strike out in solidarity. Most other mining communities followed suit and soon, with the backing of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) national Executive, a large majority of miners across the UK were on strike. However, some miners in the Midlands and Nottinghamshire remained at work. In response, pickets from Maltby and Shireoaks joined thousands of other Yorkshire miners descending on Nottinghamshire to persuade them to join the strike.

Tension between the Maltby community and the police erupted almost mediately when 30-year-old Frank Slater, a member of the Maltby (NUM) Lodge, who lived in nearby Worksop, was arrested on his way to the Nottinghamshire picket lines on Wednesday 21 March. The arrest occurred after his car ran out of petrol at a roundabout and the police asked him to identify himself. However, feeling threatened, he would not wind his window down, so the police smashed his windscreen.[4]

Slater was then dragged out of the car and charged with obstructing the highway and failing to stop when requested to do so. Also arrested and charged with obstructing the police was Stephen Kent (22). John Wallace (27). Kevin Wright (23). Darren Steele (19) and Ronald Marson, all from Maltby. Antony Wilson (33) from Maltby was charged with obstructing the highway and obstructing the police.[5]

June Disturbances in Maltby

The tension between the police and miners in Maltby continued but attitudes to picketing and how to respond to police violence varied. Disturbances broke out in the town over the weekend of 10-12 June leading to confrontations between the police and youths. The next weekend on Friday 17 June, two hundred young people gathered outside Maltby police station and attacked it with bricks and bottles for more than an hour and 16 arrests were made of which eleven were miners.

The next day many miners from Maltby headed off to Orgreave and joined one of the most violent events in British industrial history where many miners became victims of brutal attacks by the police. On their return to Maltby on Saturday night more trouble occurred and a riot broke out. The papers reported 29 arrests and 16 shop windows broken. Mr Ron Buck, 52-year-old magistrate and the Maltby NUM lodge secretary condemned the smashing up of property:

I am making a plea to all mineworkers to cool it. There have been problems with policing here and on picket lines but it is my opinion we would be better off showing patience and going through the proper channels rather than people on street corners having a go themselves.[6]

However, others saw it differently, Jimmy Gavin, a member of the NUM Strike Committee at Maltby said:

They can’t get us on the picket line so they are coming into the village to get us. We know it’s a planned military-style operation. [7]

Later in June Keith Boyes, a member of NUM Maltby Lodge Committee, was interviewed by the Guardian and said:

I won’t be going back until I can see security for this industry.  We never entered this dispute thinking it would last three weeks. We knew it could be six months because we have to erode 10 years of overproduction before we have any effect. Our branch members knew it would be a long strike.  People kept on saying that the modern miner would never strike. But the way I look at my TV and video is that if they got burnt I would not lose a moment’s sleep. I regard materialistic things as a hobby. It’s when your backs are against the wall and how you react to those matters. And the Yorkshire miners have reacted in the same way we did in 1973, 1969, and 1926. Yorkshire miners’ families have learnt to adapt during the strike.[8]

In August 1984 tension between the police and young people in Maltby increased further because the police had begun to behave like an occupying military force. The Guardian reported that Buck warned there could be more trouble and that the young miners are “are not choir boys”.[9] He added that they were determined to stay solid and “aim to maintain the community, not just the pit”. Others from the Maltby community told the Guardian:

If you are born into a mining community it is all around you – this great thing holds you together and makes you stand up and fight.

 

It’s not so bad when you are sitting down next to someone in the same boat. (More than 300 midday meals are served in church with dawn pickets eating first, then the men and their children).

 

There is nothing financial in it for us. it is all for our kids to have lobs. (Elizabeth Buck)

 

If I told my husband to go back, he’d throw me through the window. (Maltby Miner’s wife). [10]

September Disturbances in Maltby

The immediate trigger of the disturbances in September in Maltby was the action of the NCB. At this time, no miners had returned to work at Maltby but the NCB had arranged with Cementone Ltd, an outside construction contractor, to enter Maltby Colliery to carry out development work on the sinking of a new shaft. After meeting Maltby NUM, most of the fifty-odd Cementone workers had agreed to join NUM for the duration of the colliery contract and to refuse to cross the picket line or go to work until the strike was over.

However, the NCB found seven Cementone workers willing to cross the picket line and arranged with the police to provide protection and accompany them to work on Thursday, 20 September. This was a clear provocation because the seven workers would not be able to do much work but if the police could get them into the colliery, it would provide a symbolic victory to the NCB. In response, Maltby NUM arranged to picket their colliery and asked for help from other districts. However, on Thursday morning, the police outnumbered the pickets and managed to get the scabs into the pit. The Maltby NUM officials appealed for more support.

Police units walk past pickets to occupy Maltby colliery. Credit: Newsline

On Friday 21 September, about 2000 pickets were confronted by police horses and dogs from the South and West Yorkshire constabularies. Maltby NUM officials stated they witnessed 180 minivans full of police going into the Maltby pit yard with more following in coaches. Another attempt was made by the pickets to prevent the subcontractors from getting into the pit but the police pushed them back up the road and were able to get a van containing the strike-breakers into the colliery yard by driving at speed thoughthe pickets. Tension in the village increased over the weekend and led to a confrontation between Maltby miners and the police at a local Chinese takeaway.

On Monday the confrontation between the police and pickets continued but after the police had pushed the pickets back and allowed the van full of scabs to enter the pit, they brutally attacked the picket line from behind resulting in serious injuries to several miners and their supporters.

The Daily Mirror’s and BBC’s coverage of these events listed at the start of this article was repeated in the mainstream media which continued to be hostile to the miners throughout the strike. The media stories were almost certainly sensationalist and exaggerated and did not tell the whole story. Statements from the miners who were there, pictures taken by John Sturrock and Newsline photographers and reports in trade union and socialist newspapers tell a different story. However, despite efforts, not a single report or image of police violence was reproduced on television or in the national press. In contrast, here are some alternative accounts of events of Monday 24 September.

Shireoaks

On Sunday 23 September 1984, Ian Wright and Ray Collingham from Hammersmith and Fulham Miners’ Support Group arrived in Worksop to stay with George and Christina Bell to learn about the strike at a grassroots level. Ian had made friends with George while working on a work brigade in Cuba in 1983 and George had stayed in London with Ian while organising hunger March from Worksop to London in July. One local newspaper reported on the March as it went through Hinckley:

Eighteen miners marched through Hinckley on Thursday as part of a sponsored walk to London in a bid to raise money for striking miners’ children The men are walking from Worksop to London on a route that will cover 202 miles. They live and work in Worksop and Shireoaks where the schools have now shut for the holidays and the children can no longer eat free school meals So the men say they are hoping to raise money to buy food for their children “We can manage without” said one of the men “But our children can’t”.[11]

Eighteen Worksop Miners on Hunger March from Worksop to London at the end of July. Credit: The Hinckley Times 27 July 1984.

There were two pits in Worksop; Manton colliery and Shireoaks Colliery, where George was chair of the NUM lodge. At this time all the miners at both pits were solidly behind the strike. On the evening of Sunday 23 September George received a phone call that there was to be a picket outside Maltby Colliery at 5 am the next day.

George Bell Taking a Rest After Early Morning Picket Duty

On Monday 24 September, Ian and Ray rose early and drove north with George and other miners from Worksop about nine miles to join the picket line outside Maltby Colliery. However, before the morning was over several pickets had been taken in an ambulance to Rotherham District Hospital because of the serious injuries they had suffered from truncheon blows, dog bites and beatings by the police. Here are the legal statements about the Monday picket issued by Ian Wright and Ray Collingham several weeks later followed by statements by other pickets and journalists.

Statement from ian wright

I attended the picket of Maltby Colliery on Monday 24 September as an observer from Hammersmith Miners Support Committee. I was with Ray Collingham, also from London, and George Bell, chairman of Shireoaks NUM. Ray and myself were staying with George and his family in Worksop. I know George well. He had stayed with me earlier in the summer while organising a hunger march from Worksop to London. He had invited Ray and myself up to Worksop to observe all aspects of the miners’ strike.

We arrived on Sunday 23 September. Monday was the first day we had gone out to observe a picket. George told us not to get involved with any picketing ourselves and to keep to the back. We arrived at Maltby at approximately 5.00 am. When we arrived, there were groups of men standing around chatting in the village and further down the road towards the pit. There were less than 1000 pickets. Further down the road, there were lines of police across the road with riot shields. They were shining search lamps up the road. There was no attempt by the pickets to break through the police lines. There was a small group of young men opposite the police lines occasionally throwing stones at the police lines However, most of the men were standing around in groups along the road towards the village chatting.

The police had successfully blocked the road towards the pit and now and again ran forward pushing the young men back up the road. I was standing further up the road towards Maltby with George and Ray, talking to people. As the road to the pit was blocked by the police people were gradually leaving throughout the morning.

At about 6.30 am the police managed to force the pickets back and drove a van at speed containing the seven scabs into the pit. Consequently, people started to leave and only about 200 people remained.

Not long after this, a group of police dressed in boiler suits with no numbers ran out of the wood opposite me, about 100 yards from the police lines, shouting obscenities. They had raised truncheons and full riot equipment. I tried to run, but one policeman hit me hard on the head with a truncheon. I collapsed to the ground. I tried to get up but was hit on the head again by a truncheon blow. I collapsed to the ground. I was then kicked while I was on the ground. All I could think was that I would die. I then crawled away into the bushes by the road and lay there. I felt the blood on my head and face. I felt someone pulling me from the bushes. Then people were bandaging my head. There was a lot of shouting. People were trying to console me. I am not sure if I lost consciousness or not. I thought I was dying.

These pictures were taken just after the police attacked me.

Credit: John Sturrock.
Credit: Newsline
First Aid Miner Kevin Clegg with bandages. Credit: John Sturrock.
Credit: Newsline
Credit: Newsline

I was put into an ambulance and taken to Rotherham Hospital. A man in the same ambulance was also seriously injured. He collapsed in the ambulance on the way to the hospital. Later I discovered he had kidney damage. Several eyewitnesses later claimed they saw me being kicked and truncheoned by four policemen. I was also told that those miners who had first reached me and attempted to give me first aid were also attacked by the police and had to retreat. It took some time before the ambulance staff could reach me. When I got to the hospital, I noticed other pickets had been brought in and treated for injuries, a few with dog bites.

Ian Wright‘s headwound

I received initial treatment from the nurses in the form of stitches to the wound on my head. The nurses were very sympathetic and told me they had only treated one policeman who had a twisted ankle. However, I did not receive a medical assessment of my injuries from a doctor or an X-ray of my head because the police had entered the hospital with dogs and were roaming around the hospital and arresting anyone with injuries. The nurses had no alternative but to usher me and others out of the back of the hospital where NUM drivers were waiting and I was driven back to Worksop.

When I got back to Worksop I was still suffering from concussion and sickness with a severe headache and could not walk. The next day George decided I still needed medical treatment and arranged for an appointment with a local GP. George helped into the back of a van but on the way to the GP surgery, we encountered a police roadblock. The police dragged me and George out of the van, abused us with obscenities and threatened George. I eventually got to a GP who examined and dressed my injuries, gave me some paracetamol, and wrote a report of my injuries.

I later found out that some of those arrested at the hospital were charged with a range of public order offences including riot. Both Andrew Platt and Mick Wheatley pictured below were arrested by the police while waiting for treatment at Rotherham hospital. They were then confined under curfew in their houses from 9 pm to 8 am to prevent them from joining early morning pickets.

Andrew Platt from Shireoaks NUM had his teeth kicked out by five policemen while attending the Maltby picket on Monday 23 September.
Mick Wheatley also from Shireoaks NUM had his head split open with a truncheon blow while attending the Maltby picket on Monday 23 September. Credit: Yorkshire Miner, Strike Issue no. 5, October 1984.
London

When I was well enough, I returned home to London where I spotted this graffiti on a wall in Kilburn.

Graffiti in Kilburn, London October 1894  Credit: Ian Wright

On 25 September Malcolm Pithers’s coverage of the events on the Monday at Maltby in the Guardian was similar to the other papers and the BBC. He ignored violence by the police and emphasised violence from the pickets. He claimed that fourteen policemen and only three pickets were injured. However, he reported extensively on Kevin Barron’s bruised arm and also mentioned that Colin Baker an ITN journalist was struck on the head. It is hard to know if this is just lazy reporting and poor journalism but we do now know there was a huge amount of political pressure on the media to back the government and the NCB.[15]

When I was well enough, I was determined to try and contact sympathetic journalists to counter the propaganda offensive by the government and its supporters in the press. I headed to Fleet Street with photographs and personal statement of the events at Maltby.  Not surprisingly the right-wing press was hostile but I did not expect the same reaction from the Guardian who told me that were not interested and asked me to leave the building. In December they published the photograph of myself taken by John Sturrock on the centre page of the magazine of their sister paper the Sunday Observer to highlight so-called picket line violence without any context or explanation of what happened.

Statement by Ray Collingham

The media claimed 5000 pickets had attacked the police with catapults and airguns. They reported 3 pickets and 14 police injured. We saw no airguns and just one young kid with a catapult. There were less than 1000 pickets around when the police attacked them. At least 20 pickets were injured. One policeman suffered a twisted ankle.

I travelled in the ambulance with Ian and an injured miner to Rotherham District Hospital. The injured miner had a broken hand from being hit with a truncheon. During the journey he collapsed; subsequently, I learnt that he had sustained kidney damage from the beating he received.

While waiting in the hospital I saw and spoke to other casualties who were brought in from Maltby, they included:

  • A 50-year-old miner who had been beaten around the head.
  • The local M.P., Kevin Barron, who suffered bruising to his arms.
  • A young miner who had a bad dog bite on his right calf. He was arrested at the hospital; the police demanded £1.60 to pay for a prescription for his anti-biotics before being taken away.
  • Another young miner, who was also arrested, had 4 stitches put in a head wound before being taken away.
  • A Belgian Steelworker who had come over to visit the miners had been bitten on the arm and thigh and beaten around the head.
  • Later that day I met another young miner who had been set upon by 5 police and a dog. He lost two front teeth and sustained a black eye and extensive bruising on his body.
  • There was one police officer who had been brought in with a twisted ankle. I saw the lunchtime news that day. Part of the film showed him tripping over during a police charge.
One of the arrested pickets. Credit: Newsline
Statement by photographer John Sturrock in The Tribune 5 October 1984

John Sturrock estimated that between 800 and 1,000 pickets were standing along the road when the police made their first charge:

There was some sporadic stone, nothing dramatic certainly no air guns, when the police snatch squad charged from behind the floodlights a few times. The photograph of the man lying in the road shows a lad who fell over running away during the second charge. The policeman leaning over him had a truncheon and hit him several times, on the body I think. When the police retreated back, they left the injured man lying on the ground, his face cut where he had been kicked and his body bruised. [16]

 

Picket being attacked by police during an early charge. Credit: John Sturrock

Shortly afterwards Sturrock witnessed the third attack on pickets, but this time the police employed different tactics, charging from behind:

A squad of policemen, their faces obscured by helmets and their blue boilersuits without any means to identify them, emerged from woods at the side of the road near the rear of the pickets. Although there had been some stone-throwing, these pickets were not involved. Many were older retired miners, some were from miners’ support groups and among them was Labour MP Kevin Barron. The police charged regardless into the crowd, which scattered in front of them, with many trying to escape by climbing a wall and diving into a hedge-row on the other side of the road. When the road cleared, Barron was left nursing a badly bruised arm and three or four bodies lay motionless on the ground having either fallen or been knocked down by truncheon-wielding police. [17]

 

Statements from Maltby NUM Branch Officers

Frank Slater, who was arrested earlier on in the strike in March, said there were:

Lads with broken arms, head wounds needing stitches and hospitalisation. Some were arrested in hospital. One lad was truncheoned by one copper and then kicked by others. He was on the floor and could have easily been arrested without violence. But he wasn’t arrested. It’s quite obvious these police support units are out of the control of their superiors. The police were determined that they were not interested in arresting people. They were just determined to give the lads as much hammer as they could. They injured several of our members, some of them seriously while making no attempt to arrest anyone. Lads were getting hammered on the road and then left on the road. The tension was unbelievable from the beginning, with shield-beating etc. I’ve said from the start of this dispute that the police can only justify being present by creating a violent situation.[18]

Injured picket. Credit: John Sturrock

Ron Buck: Maltby NUM branch secretary

Buck said “There was blood all over the place” and condemned  police exaggeration of the number of pickets as a ploy:

to justify the police using whatever numbers they wanted. If there were 6,000 pickets (the official police estimate), we’d have been stood six miles away. The maximum possible on that day would have been 2,500. After the strike-breakers went into work a squad of police burst out of the wood and went at random beating people with truncheons. It was a sadistic pleasure these people were getting out of this. One lad was left bleeding profusely from wounds on his face, after he was beaten about the face with truncheons, by a squad of police. The pit ambulancemen who were bent down giving him first aid were then clobbered. All the relationship established before the strike has been shattered. Management have put their loyalties behind a few men who aren’t even their employees, as against men who have given their loyalty to the pit, and the community who have been behind it. The branch feels that we have been betrayed to promote strike-breaking by men other than coal board employees. [19]

But Ron was at pains to point out that about 50 Cementation workers at Maltby were supporting the strike, in contrast to the half-dozen crossing picket lines At a packed branch general meeting, which unanimously supported the union’s case and resolved not to return to work with the strike-breakers, the group of Cementation workers supporting the strike announced they would go back only with the rest of the branch:

This has united our branch. They are more resolute now than ever. I’ve never been so proud in my life to represent those lads at Maltby. I’ve dealt with hundreds of cases where families have nothing, but there’s not one of them said they intend breaking the strike. The branch feared that the behaviour of the police would lead to a repeat of clashes in the community experienced earlier in the strike. There’s a housing estate next to the pit with children and old people and we’re concerned that they should be able to live in peace and quiet. But if any troubles come about, the blame should be laid squarely on the coal board. [20]

Ted Millward: Treasurer of Maltby NUM.

There was a massive police presence and we couldn’t get near the pit gate. They shoved us right away to the perimeter of the village. There were some stones thrown, but very little. Police waited until around 250 pickets remained before boiler-suited officers with no identification marks emerged from woods, to launch a savage attack from behind. I was involved at Orgreave, but I’ve never seen anything like this. And a lot of the public, who were on their way to work, saw it all. They saw them smash pickets with no attempt to make arrests. They let their dogs bite us. A journalist was bitten three or four times. One of our first aiders who was bandaging a lad bleeding on the floor was hammered. The police have adopted the tactic of terrifying or injuring our lads.[21]

Bob Mounsey: A 50-year-old Maltby miner and former NUM Branch delegate.

I’d just walked back to the Maltby bus stop to let my wife know I was okay. She’d seen the aggro earlier. As I walked back past the Lumbley Arms, about 35 to 40 police came out behind me. `I dodged two, one who struck at my head with his yardstick and another who tried to knee me between the legs. Then I was hit on the hip. It paralysed my leg. As I stumbled another hit me on the leg and head. `A group of them kicked me on the floor. I’ve got bruises across my kidneys, down my left leg from the hip to the knee, on both shoulders, and there’s a lump on the back of my head. I wasn’t knocked out. I just lay there dazed. An old chap came across to see if I was okay. I tried to get up but he told me to stay down because the police were still hanging about. The police had no intention of arresting anyone. It was just a commando raid to dish out some hammer.[22]

Ronald Jeffery: A Maltby supervisor and NACODS member  (Newsline report)

Police wielding batons at Maltby in Yorkshire yesterday behaved like animals. I arrived at the Lumley Arms at the rear of the picket line at 6.15 in the morning. Everything was quiet and the pickets were dispersing. I sat on the wall and watched the men start running up the road and I wondered why. This was the very first time I’ve ever approached a picket line in the strike. Then I was amazed to see figures appear out of the woods carrying batons and shields. Not knowing how many more were going to pour out of the woods, or what was going on, I was very frightened — and I mean frightened. So I ran with the crowd.

 

I returned to the scene shortly afterwards and witnessed batons being wielded in an animal fashion. The police were not satisfied with flashing their truncheons — they had one guy on the ground with his head already open and were laying the boot into him. An ambulance was held behind the police cordon and the police wouldn’t let it through. It eventually was able to treat him, and I was amazed to see another ambulance arrive from the other direction within the next three minutes.

 

There were no stones or bottles being thrown prior to the police coming out of the woods. I doubt very much if they were police. They came out like animals — either drugged or crazed through some other fashion. Before the animals appeared the pickets were simply standing and talking and were ready to disperse.[23]

Coverage in Newsline Tuesday 25 September 1984

Excerpts from Life on the Front Line: Bruce Wilson’s diary of the 1984-85 miners’ strike. 

Thursday 20 September 1984.

Bruce Wilson from Silverwood Colliery, South Yorkshire

At Maltby we parked in the Lumley Arms pub car park and walked down the road to the pit. At either side of the road, it was heavily wooded and every now and then there was a length of low stone wall. When we got to the pit entrance, the entire road was blocked by a wall of pickets. It was quiet, no trouble.

The scabs went in from the Tickhill end of the road. Ten minutes later the police lines moved forward pushing us back up the road, and woe betide anyone falling behind. Made our way to the Baggin’ for some snap and a nice cup of tea. I found it hard to believe all these horror stories about Maltby after this morning. It wasn’t too bad.

The picket line at Maltby on Thursday 20 September with police in the background with their white vans, pushing miners back up the road away from the colliery entrance after the scabs have gone in. Credit: Briam Wilson

Friday 21 September 1984 from Life on the Front Line

On the front line at Maltby, our last port of call this morning, me, Daz and Bob were in the woods passing out wood, trees, anything we could move and passing it out to other pickets who were constructing a barricade in the road. The police commanding officer who was stood behind his men on the front line gave instructions to shine a bloody great searchlight on the pickets. It blinded us all, he’s been doing this for a while now. They could run out and batter you, and you would not even see them coming.

But I’ve got an idea. The police would not come nowhere near the barricade, it was pitch black, woods on either side of us. They weren’t daft. We kept the police at bay for a couple of hours. Then they decided enough was enough. They’ve got a new toy, a Transit van with ‘wings’ a large wire mesh guard extending from the van’s front doors. The van drives slowly in the road towards us and behind the ‘wings’ police hide with truncheons drawn, usually with no identification numbers on their boiler suits. Their job is to clear the road and disperse the pickets.

I’m getting rather fed up with all this running about, chased all over risking life and limb, or if you’re lucky just a bit of truncheon and arrest for a pound a day! I’m not complaining though, we are making the police get up early as well. On the picket lines after the scabs have gone in they just want to go back to their nice warm beds and we won’t let them, they hate it when we hang about and they do everything possible to get rid of us. Good day today, we gave them something to do.

A quiet morning. We all got back to the Baggin’ safe. To enjoy what was on offer on the new menu. Over the weekend two C.I.D policemen went in the Chinese takeaway in Maltby, it was full of Maltby lads who beat them up. They got in their car and drove off and came back with a couple of reinforcements. They all got another good hiding.

Monday 24 September 1984 from Life on the Front Line

We made our way back to the car and headed for Maltby. I parked in the Lumley Arms pub car park. Full crew again today. We set off walking to the pit entrance. It was still early morning and pitch black, not very well lit here either, both sides of the road are heavily wooded, the closer we got to the pit entrance, the darker it got, no street lights.

I had in my possession some polished aluminium plate, about 3 inches square and polished to a mirror finish. I dished some out to the lads and saved a few for myself. We had not been on the picket line long, there were a few hundred pickets here now and as expected the commanding police officer ordered his men to put that bloody searchlight on us. It’s terrible, it blinds you. Anyway, he’s had a good run, our turn now. I told the lads what I was going to do. We all pointed our polished plates at the searchlight and it worked! He switched the searchlight off! He turned it on us again, we showed our mirror, and he got the reflection back. After a few more goes with his spot lamp he gave it up as a bad job. Ha Ha, those few hours in the shed making them paid off.

It was still pitch black and quiet on the front line, row-upon-row of police in front of us. We turned round and there were hundreds of miners behind us. About ten foot away from me, Razzer [Silverwood lad] shouted,”WERE HAVING A PUSH, SO ALL BADGE COLLECTORS GET TO THE BACK,” there was roars of laughter.

Then a reply came back, “WHAT THA’ FUCKING ON ABOUT’ I’M HERE AREN’T I?” When the laughter died away someone shouted ‘Zulu’ that was it, all the front line pickets ran at the police lines (the distance between the police and miners’ was only ever a few feet, just enough distance to stop them reaching out and snatching you). Pushing and shoving against the police lines, a couple of lads next to me went down on the floor. This went on for about five minutes and the police don’t like it at all!

Several lads on the front line were ‘snatched’ and arrested, they disappeared into the dark behind police lines. Things heated up then, from the back of the picket line a few stones and missiles went over into the police lines, It went quiet again, then some more missiles were thrown into the police ranks. That was it, they charged, the first one of the day. I ran back up the road, but I could not get past the mass of pickets in front of me, so I jumped over a small wall, right into the laps of two riot police knelt down hiding, batons drawn, wearing boiler suits with no numbers on. They looked as surprised to see me as I was them. They did not get me, but nearly.

I met up with Shaun back on the road, it went quiet again, we were about 30ft from the police lines. We decided to have a look around and try and sneak round the police. We went into the woods across from the pit entrance. We had only gone a few yards when Shaun shouted to me ‘look at them rabbits’ we could see pairs of eyes looking at us in the dark. They were all over. The thing was, the eyes were about 3ft off the ground. We just saw the dog handlers in time. Retreating in the dark, I said to Shaun, “big bloody rabbits them mate!”

Shaun Bisby. Credit: Bruce Wilson

We made our way to the front line again. We stopped for a while, but then and I don’t know why, decided to go back to the ‘Battle Bus’ for drink out of my flask. We usually stay until the last. All the crew decided to go back with me. We were sat in the Lumley Arms car park supping tea when all hell broke loose, miners came running back up the road towards the village. We got out of the car and set off walking back to the pit entrance. We could see within spitting distance the police had done a dirty trick. The boiler suited ‘snatch squads’ had gone into the woods on either side of the road, sneaking around the pickets in a pincer movement. Then they came out of the woods, back onto the road, trapping about thirty pickets. They were cut off and surrounded by riot police and nowhere to go! Dogs and their handlers were still in the woods. The poor bastards, the police went wild and truncheoned anything that moved.

Big bastards they were, not one under 6ft 4in. Yellow jackets on, no identification numbers. Police? More like the Coldstream Guards on manoeuvres. We came across one lad unconscious with a fractured skull, blood all over the place, a copper was stood on him while three others laced into him. A man went to help him, a copper grabbed him and threw him to one side, the copper told the man to leave him and   “fuck off”.

Riot police running about all over the place with no numbers on. Same old story of pickets treated like criminals. Walking back to the car we passed Kevin Barron the Rother Valley MP. He was making his exit as well, he looked rough, looked like he had some boot and a bit of truncheon for good measure. The police grossly exaggerated what went on today. Their purpose is to slag the pickets down so they can get their ‘rubber bullets’.

Map by Bruce Wilson
November Fire and Fury

Tensions in Maltby escalated further and resulted in serious rioting in November. The papers reported “A night of Fire and Fury” across the South Yorkshire coalfield on Monday 12 November. They reported that ‘mobs’ had attacked police stations, looted shops and set buildings on fire and coalfield violence reached new peaks of savagery. The papers claimed petrol bombs, spears, metal staves and six-inch bolts were hurled at police, as the violence spread from pit gates to mining villages. They quoted a police spokesman who said: “It has been the worst night of violence we have had since the strike began. It has been coordinated throughout the county and not concentrated at one pit, which has previously been the pattern.” The Liverpool Echo said:

Pickets began gathering in the county shortly after midnight. It was seven hours before calm was restored. The first trouble came at Maltby at 2.45 a.m. when the police station came under siege. Several windows were smashed as missiles rained down on the building. On the A631 between Maltby and the colliery, a workman’s cabin was dragged into the middle of the road and set on fire. Pickets uprooted lamp standards to obstruct police vehicles. Wires were strung across the road at head height. A garage was broken into at Maltby and looted. Oil and glass covered the road near the colliery gates.[24]

Sensationalist reporting from the Daily Mirror Tuesday 13 November 1984

The Times reported that at Maltby street lamps were pulled down to form barricades and by the end of the morning, trouble had occurred at over half of South Yorkshire’s collieries leading to 45 arrests, 33 police injuries and 9 pickets injured.[25] However, given the distortion in reporting the events at Maltby in September, the accuracy of these reports must be viewed with caution.

Hammersmith and Fulham Miners Support Group

I kept in close contact with George and Christina during the last six months of the strike and returned on several occasions, once to appear as a witness in the court cases which followed the Maltby picket. I also continued to work with colleagues in the Hammersmith and Fulham Miners Support Group organising events and fundraising.

Leaflet produced by Hammersmith and Fulham Miners Support Group

HFMSG was twinned with Sutton Manor Colliery in Lancashire (which closed in 1991) and regularly organised events and street collections. It was infiltrated by a Sun journalist.  The group was informed by print workers at the Sun about his infiltration. Consequently, he was deposited on the motorway for his safety while on a trip with members of the HMFSG to Lancashire to visit Sutton Manor. He then wrote an article which was published in the Sun which was full of lies and distortions about the miners of Sutton Manor and the work of HFMSG.

In October 1984 some HFMSG members and charged with selling copies of the Yorkshire Miner  without a street licence. These included Peter Turner, Vincent McCullough, Ian Wright, Dennis Earles, Steven Cowan, Iain Coleman Colin Aherne and Ian Harrison (both Labour Councillors). They were all found guilty and either fined or bound over.

Fulham Chronicle – Friday 12 July 1985

Thousands of miners and their supporters were arrested during the strike including George Bell and either imprisoned, fined or bound over to keep the peace. This was an effective way for the authorities to prevent picketing and fundraising and so undermine the strike. 

Return to Work at Shireoaks

At Shireoaks, where 920 were on strike, several men returned to work in early October. Picketing and maintaining solidarity was tough during the winter months and by mid-November the papers reported that 43 miners had returned to work at the pit.[26] However, in contrast to the rest of Nottinghamshire, Shireoaks and Manton NUM had persuaded NACODS members not to cross their picket lines which meant no workers could go underground because of statutory safety rules.

At the end of December, the papers were reporting that 600 miners had returned to work at Shireoaks amounting to 74 per cent of the workforce but that NACODS members persisted in refusing to cross the picket line so the 600 men who had returned to work could still not go underground but had to be paid by the NCB.

Christmas on the Shireoals Picket Line. Credit: George Bell

However, at Manton Colliery coal production started for the first time nine months on 1 January 1985.[27] The next day, on 2 January 1985, some deputies crossed NUM picket lines for the first time at Shireoaks. At this time 906 men were at work at Manton and Shireoaks.[28]  By the beginning of February, 76 per cent of the workforce was back at work at Manton and  80 per cent of the workforce was at back at work at Shireoaks Colliery. [29]

On 12 February a High Court judge banned mass picketing at the following Yorkshire pits; Rossington, Maltby Riverton Park, Allerton, Bywater, Frickley, Yorkshire Main Wath-on-Dearne, Manton, Manvers and Shireoaks The orders were made against the Yorkshire area alone and injunctions forbid the Yorkshire area organising more than six pickets at the gates of 11 pits at any one time.[30] This ruling meant that there was little hope that striking miners could do anything to prevent miners from returning to work in areas where support for the strike had weakened. 

The Heart and Soul of It

Picketing was important but the solidarity required to keep the strike going was also sustained by the action of those in the pit villages and communities, often women, who organised soup kitchens, looked after children and kept households functioning. Some miner’s wives were involved in fundraising, joining pickets, meetings and demonstrations. However, some also worked providing an essential income for the household as well as performing domestic duties which limited the time they could spend on strike activities. 

The following extract is from: The Heart and Soul of It, A documentation of how the 1984-85 Miners’ Strike affected the people in the pit village of Worsbrough and surrounding districts, and of their survival. It was published by the Worsbrough Community Group and Bannerworks in May 1985.  The section on Shireoaks printed below describes the last months of the strike in Worksop and Rhodesia, a nearby small pit village for Shireoaks miners and the visit there by some women from Worsbrough.

Worsbrough Community Group visited Shireoaks Pit and the Rhodesia Women’s Support Group on 15 February 1985. We found some of the striking miners in the miners’ welfare which is across the road from Shireoaks pit. We spoke to George Bell who is the branch president for the pit. He told us:

This particular colliery is called Shireoaks/Steetly colliery. It’s called that because recently Steetly Pit was merged with Shireoaks. Some may say that the local pit (Steetly) was closed, but officially it was classed as a merger. There used to be 500 workforce at Steetly and just less than 800 at Shireoaks; the combined workforce is now 920, and of that 920 there’s about 820 NUM members. Geographically we’re in Nottinghamshire, but we’re in the South Yorkshire area, the pressure has been on both our pit and Manton pit ever since the strike started.

 

The original two scabs went in to work on the 3rd of October, they were complemented by some more on the 15 November, and then there was a flood when the local village went in shortly after, that’s Rhodesia village. It’s been a steady trickle since then until it reached a peak just before Christmas. The NCB class people who are on sick as working, so they say the actual number of working miners is 660. This leaves us in the region of 140-50 on strike. We live in and around the area of Work-sop and socially there tends to be a lot of tension, particularly when you go out for a drink or when you go down the main streets. We’re not so bad, the people who have it really bad are the people who live in Rhodesia village where 97% of the workforce are working.

 

NACODS went in to work on one shift after the New Year, because we didn’t have very much of a picket on, since then we’ve managed to counteract that by having a decent picket on and also by asking NACODS to adhere to 1974 guidelines, which they have. The men who are working can’t go down the pit without NACODS so they just mess around on the pit top. We’ve been told unofficially that it’s costing the coal board an estimated 1/4 million pounds every eight to ten days since the 15th of November, in workforce and materials, yet no coal is coming out. This was supposed to be a very economic pit, but it’s actually an uneconomic pit now. In the last two years before they closed Steetly, they spent 36 million pounds on Shireoaks, building a new drift etc and putting the idea over that it is a safe pit, if there is such a thing.

The scabs have now got a bit of confidence and have started coming to our meetings. We think their tactics are that they want us back up at the pit as a union. As things are now they’ve got no negotiating power, management can do what they like with them. They want us back up there so they can get some negotiations going over agreements. They may try and put pressure on us through general meetings. All the branch officials are on strike, but we had three treacherous committee men who broke the strike in the early stages. In fact one of them didn’t even have the guts to resign, he’s only just handed in his resignation now, in case we threw it at him at the general meeting.

Two Songs, sung to us by George Bell of Shireoaks:

When me father was a lad

Unemployment was so bad

He spent best part of his life

Down at the dole.

Straight from school to the labour queue

Ragged clothes and holey shoes

Combing pit heaps for a mankey bag of coal.

CHORUS

And I’m standing at the door

That same old bloody door

Waiting for the payout like me

Father did before.

 

Nowadays they’ve got this craze

For all these clever monetarist ways

And computers measure economic growth

We’ve got experts milling round

Writing theories about the pound

But no one tells me just how I can buy a loaf.

CHORUS

Harold Wilson, he took charge

Half a million got their cards

And he said it was because his party had got soul

Then along came Grocer Heath

With his concertina teeth

And he put another million on the dole.

CHORUS

Then Thatcher came along

Oh the Falklands made her strong

She was determined that she’d bring us to our knees.

So we had to be content and accept unemployment

And no one ever seemed to listen to our pleas.

CHORUS

One day don’t be surprised

When the miners get organised

Politicians will start to tremble at the knees.

For we’ll march on Downing Street

As we rally with our feet

And for once they’ll have to listen to our pleas.

For we’ll be kicking down that door

Oh that same old bloody door

We’ve waited for our payout a million times before.

Kicking down that door, that same old bloody door

We’ve waited for our payout a million times before.

George Bell singing pit songs at the Miners’ Welfare at Shireoaks

The pit that I used to work at up North like, is called the Rising Sun, but it closed down in 1969. This song is called ‘The Fall of the Monty’, which is the Montague pit and a lot of the Montague pit lads came to the Rising Sun to work, and when that closed they adapted the words to suit.

For many long years now

They’ve tried so they say

To cut out the losses

And make the pit pay.

 

When all of the rumours

That closing was due

Have all been put down

For alas it was true.

 

We met our officials

And reporters galore

For the pit it was dying

And we wanted war.

 

But all of our arguing

Still nothing was done

We had to admit it

They’re closing the Sun.

 

I’ve worked in the G pit

In the Brockle seam

I’ve worked in the Beaumont

Since I was Fifteen

 

I’ve worked in the Busty

And in the Main Coal

No more to you Rising Sun

You dirty black hole.

Rhodesia Women’s Action Group (Pit village for Shireoaks near Worksop)

In this village, striking miners are very much in a minority. We spoke to six women who have been involved in the women’s action group from the start of the strike. We began by asking them how they are regarded by the majority of people in the village who are against the strike. They told us:

There are only 14 families left on strike in this village. We had 13 women in the action group to start with, now we are down to 8. Being on strike here is like being sent to Coventry. We can be stood at the bus stop for instance and people walk past laughing and joking and giving us dirty looks. Even the women who used to be in the action group don’t talk to us now. There are people in the village that I’ve known all my life, who walk straight past me, because I’m involved with the action group.

 

People have never been really solid in this village although a lot did stay out until November. While ever people needed help and they were on the receiving end they were all quite happy with what we were doing in the action group but as soon as they all went back to work they thought we should join forces with them and get off back to work as well. They didn’t think we would carry on, they were dead mad when we did continue.

 

When we used to go round to the houses collecting in the beginning people used to say to us ‘Thank you very much, you lasses are doing a good job, keep up the good work’. Now the same people ignore us. When we go in the club we are the last to get served at the bar and nobody will sit near us. Some of the men went on the walk from Worksop to London.

 

While the men were away we used to go down to the working men’s club and whatever turn was on we used to ask them to sing ‘Walk On’. We would all stand up and sing along and the ones who were against the strike used to walk out.

 

When all the scabs went in virtually every one of us was in tears, it bloody hurts, it’s very depressing but you pick yourself up and carry on. I can understand that after nine or ten months on strike some people are going to be desperate, but what they don’t seem to understand is, that by going back they are prolonging it for everybody else. If you’re not going to follow your union and abide by union rules and national decisions, then you should not be part of the union in the first place.

 

The community is not split, there is still a community, it’s just that we’re not part of it anymore. We are treated like foreigners. The kids haven’t been bad with each other, there hasn’t been any fighting between them, not like some places.” We asked what kind of activities the action group have been involved with and what kind of support they have had. “We haven’t done much lately because there aren’t enough of us left. We used to do dinners for the pickets and we did food parcels, which we still do. We did the kids’ school dinners every day during the summer holidays.

We’ve been all over collecting, we’ve had raffles, jumble sales, meetings, everything, you name it, we’ve done it. We’ve been all over the place, places we’d never have dreamt of going like London and Greenham Common. We can’t collect in the village anymore but we’ve got contacts, people who we’ve met up with, they keep sending us cheques.

 

The Greenham women sent us £195 plus one or two little cheques. We’ve had a lot of support from the East End of London, the people down there haven’t got much themselves and yet they’ll give us all they have, in fact sometimes you feel guilty taking it, because they look as if they need help. We went to London last week, and one old woman who was 86 years old, said her dearest wish was to shake hands with Arthur Scargill. We wanted to write to `Jimill Fix It’ but were told it was too political. We had a word with George, our branch president, he’s going to take a letter to Arthur for us. She probably hasn’t got many years left. Her and her family have been behind the strike all the way, she can remember 1926 you see. “We’ve been on the picket lines, the first one I went on my legs were shaking. It was a women’s picket but the police brought in the meat wagon. They were just grabbing women by the neck and throwing them in the van.

Once we went on a women’s picket to Kiveton Park pit, we wondered where everyone had gone, then someone told us they were all on holiday for two weeks, it was hilarious, picketing an empty pit.” One of the women who had been arrested on a picket line told us what happened. “Look at the size of me and I’m charged with assaulting a police officer. We were all walking up to the pit, the bobbies told us we couldn’t go up but we said we were going to peacefully picket and kept walking. They arrested the first 17, the ones that were in front, then let the rest go up to the pit. My husband was one of the ones arrested so I went running over to him and the police said to me ‘Come on you’re going as well’. It was 10 a.m. when I was arrested, they brought me two slices of bread and jam to eat and a drink about 6 p.m. I was in a cell on my own, the men were all in together. When they released me at 8 p.m. I had to walk past the cell where the men were, they had all thrown their bread and jam onto the ceiling.

 

I’ve been to court five times since June and it’s still going on. They’ve even changed the name of the arresting officer. The bobby who arrested me had no number on his uniform, he must have been army. “It’s like a battlefield sometimes, they lash out with their truncheons, they don’t care. I always think ‘That’s some mother’s lad’, it’s awful. I’ve been brought up to respect the police but I hate them now. “The police used to watch our houses, you could spot them a mile off They weren’t very inconspicuous. “The police taunt us with how much money they’ve earned ‘£90 we’ve earned today, thankyou’. If Thatcher hadn’t brought the police in there wouldn’t have been any trouble. This strike hasn’t just happened it’s been planned from 1974, give the woman credit, she’s planned it bloody well.

We asked the women how the men reacted to their involvement:

They think it’s great, they’ve been behind us all the way. They have said that they couldn’t have stuck it out without us backing them.

One of the women’s husbands told us:

The women have fought during this struggle not just for our futures but for their own. They’ve realised the point is not just ‘will I have a job tomorrow’, it’s will we have a wage coming into the house. The women have been strongly behind the men. They’ve been bloody marvellous.

We asked the women what they will do when it’s all over:

We hope to carry on with something, I’m not going back to being a bored housewife. There are people that have helped us through this strike who we will be able to help in return. There are the Greenham Common women or the teachers who have a strike coming up soon or there is the South London Women’s hospital that is in occupation. We will have a bit more money when the strike is over so we can go to different places and offer our support.

Retun To Work

George struggled with the loss of camaraderie after the end of the strike so, after 3 years, he decided to take voluntary redundancy. Shireoaks Colliery finally closed in May 1990 and Manton Colliery closed in February 1994. In the conclusion of the book printed in 1991 (A Mine, Memories and a Marina, a Short History of Shireoaks Colliery, The People that Worked there, and its Transition after Closure) George said:

I started working at Shireoaks on 5th March 1973. At that time the area and the colliery appeared to have an assured future. So much so, that I was offered ‘ a job for life’. In the late 1970s, cash started pouring into the colliery. At Shireoaks/Steetley, somewhere in the region of £38 million was invested in new coal-getting measures, such as the Surface Drift and Coal Preparation Plant. The local Member of Parliament, Joe Ashton, visited the colliery in August 1982. He described it as ‘….a good example of co-operation between the NCB and NUM’. He went on to say that he had been told that the mine had a ‘magnificent future with a minimum of 25 years.

 

Norman Siddall, then Chairman of the National Coal Board, came to visit the colliery in 1983. At a reception party held for the workforce and management he spoke at length about the ‘bright future ahead’. Moreover, in the same year, George Hayes, NCB South Yorkshire Area Director, described Shireoaks/Steetley Colliery as ‘the jewel in the crown of the coalfield’. However, things were soon to change. The catalyst being the 1984/1985 strike. Rumours were rife from 1986 onwards as to imminent closure. Each set of rumours seemed to weaken morale a little more each time. Finally, closure was announced in 1989.

 

In my opinion, it was a callous, calculated political act, which took no recognition of the effects on the area. As one resident said at the time ‘the heart has been ripped out of Worksop’. Without doubt, there have been dramatic changes to the lives of the ex-workforce of Shireoaks/Steetley Colliery since its demise. This has had a traumatic effect on some individuals. Moreover, the closure has had economic and social consequences for Worksop and the communities surrounding the colliery. During the late 1980’s and early 1990’s collieries were closed with great haste. There seemed to be a political desire to make sure that any sight of any coal mines that were closed was quickly taken away from view.

After leaving the pit George studied for an HND in public administration and then an urban studies degree at Hallam University. His thesis was called Coal, Community and Camaraderie which examined the social and economic effects of pit closures. He discovered that out of the 71 former Shireoaks workers interviewed, only 62 per cent were in employment in November 1992 and 80 per cent said they were worse in terms of income. Many of them had fewer friends and missed the comradeship of the mine. His dissertation ended with the words:

What is certain is that the events of the late 1980s have seen the end of an era. For coal, camaraderie and community things will never quite be the same again.

https://www.lincolnshireworld.com/news/video-ex-miners-march-to-re-live-dark-days-of-miners-strike-at-shireoaks-colliery-2238080

George obtained a job as a homelessness officer with Bassetlaw District Council and soon became the UNISON branch secretary. In 1997 he was seconded to work in Harworth Derbyshire where he had been arrested in 1984 while picketing. He said, “I was shocked at the illiteracy rate; people couldn’t fill out their housing benefit forms and so were being evicted.” George is now retired and spends his spare time helping to renovate the local canals.

The miners at Maltby Colliery were the last to return to work when the strike ended. In 1994, the pit was sold to RJB Mining (later known as UK Coal), and in 1997 to Hargreaves Services. Maltby Colliery closed in March 2013, with a march held by former miners and residents of the town to mark the occasion. The Miners’ Welfare Institute closed in 2018.

In April 2013, hundreds of miners marched through Maltby to mark the closure of its pit.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-22051348

Timeline showing key dates 1984 – 1985

Late 1983: National Coal Board announces its pit closure programme. It later announced an accelerated closure programme – a process which would take just 5 weeks to implement for some pits.

5 Mar 1984: Cortonwood miners walk out on strike following a ballot.

12 Mar 1984: The various local strikes were declared.

19 Apr 1984: Following a Special Delegate Conference at Sheffield the NUM calls on all of its members to come out on strike.

18 Jun 1984: Major battle between striking miners and the police at Orgreave Coking Plant, near Rotherham.

19 Jul 1984: Margaret Thatcher refers to the ‘rule of the mob’ and the ‘enemy within’ (the ‘enemy without’ had been Argentina who had invaded the British Falkland Islands two years before).

20 and 23 September: Pickets and police violence at Maltby.

19 Nov 1984: 97.3% of Yorkshire miners on strike.

14 Feb 1985: 90% of Yorkshire miners on strike.

1 Mar 1985: 83% of Yorkshire miners on strike.

3 Mar 1985: NUM calls off the strike.

5 Mar 1985: Miners return to work.

[1] Quoted by Natalie Thomlinson author of Florence Sutcliffe-Braithwaite, Natalie Thomlinson

Women and the Miners’ Strike, 1984-1985 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024)

[2] Daily Express 25 September 1984.

[3] Sheffield Morning Telegraph 25 September 1984. Kevin Barron was the Labour MP for Rother Valley from 1983 until 2019. On leaving school in 1962, Barron became an electrician at the Maltby Colliery.

[4] Huddersfield Daily Examiner 22 March 1984.

[5] Nottingham Evening Post 23 March 1984.

[6] Belfast News-Letter Monday 18 June 1984.

[7] The Guardian Monday 18 June 1984.

[8] The Guardian 25 June 1984.

[9] Ibid.

[10] The Guardian 15 August 1984.

[11] The Hinckley Times 27 July 1984

[12] Ibid.

[13] Yorkshire Miner, Strike Issue no. 5, October 1984.

[14] Ibid.

[15] The Guardian 25 September 1984.

[16] Tribune 5 October 1984.

[17] Tribune 5 October 1984.

[18] Yorkshire Miner, Strike Issue no. 5, October 1984

[19] Yorkshire Miner, Strike Issue no. 5, October 1984.

[20] Ibid.

[21] Socialist Worker 29 September 1984.

[22] Socialist Worker 29 September 1984.

[23] Newsline 25 September 1984.

[24] Liverpool Echo – Tuesday 13 November 1984.

[25] The Times 13 November 1984.[27] Birmingham Mail – Thursday 13 December.

[28] Huddersfield Daily Examiner – Wednesday 02 January 1985.

29] Sandwell Evening Mail – Monday 04 February 1985.

[30] Liverpool Daily Post – Wednesday 13 February 1985.

 

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A Visitation to Ruardean

1 came across an article in this month’s London Review of Books (Vol 46 no 16) by Tom Johnson. It is about visitations, whereby church authorities attempt to discern the state of religious life in the parishes. Here are some sections which mention the Forest of Dean:

On​ 13 May 1397, the visitors came to Ruardean in Gloucestershire. They learned that Nicholas Cuthler was causing a scandal among his neighbours. He had not come to terms with his father’s death and was making strange claims: he went about in public saying that his father’s spirit still walked the village at night. One evening he even kept vigil beside the tomb from dusk till dawn, waiting for the ghost to come. Nothing else is known about Cuthler, who was born six and a half centuries ago. His case happened to be written down by a scribe – and meanwhile he went on with his days, or so we must suppose. As is usually the case with medieval legal records, lives flash before our eyes and then vanish. The flashes are what make the archives so tantalising. You can wait a long time before you get one.

Cuthler’s scandalous grief was recorded in a booklet of about fifty pages, among more than a thousand other parish reports from the diocese of Hereford in 1397. These were the results of an inquiry called a visitation, whereby church authorities attempted to discern the state of religious life in the parishes. Local worthies sent reports to the bishop, John Trefnant, who processed through the diocese with a cadre of officials to investigate, judge and correct any troublesome behaviour.

In 1397 the visitors would have approached Cuthler’s parish of Ruardean with some trepidation, ghosts or not. It lay in the Forest of Dean, a district marginal even by the standards of the Welsh borders. Shallow seams of iron ore were excavated by shovel and pick in open-face mines; industrial quantities of charcoal were produced for the countless forges of a forest that must have seemed as though it was perpetually aflame. Living within the royal forest and its distinct legal regime, the men of Dean claimed special privileges that they were willing to defend by force. In the 1430s, after a dispute over tolls, they launched a series of attacks on grain barges heading down the Severn for Bristol. An indictment described them as ‘a wild people close and adjacent to Wales’, alleging that ‘the whole community of the Forest …cares nothing for the law, its officers or its procedures.’

At Ruardean the omens were not good. The chaplain failed to appear, the church’s chancel was found in a ruinous state and its revenues – supposed to be used for maintaining a priest – had been sold off without permission. But the parishioners, or at least the clutch of prominent men who supplied the visitors with information, were more accommodating. For some, visitation was an opportunity to speak truth to power; to tell a sombre ecclesiastical official in his expensive robes what needed fixing. The vast majority of reports concerned sex out of wedlock, which disrupted the household, the basic unit of patriarchal authority. The offence was often called ‘incontinence’ in the records: a failure of restraint. Its victims were usually the women and children left out in the cold. In Ruardean, apart from Cuthler and his father’s ghost, all anyone had been talking about was Margaret Hobys, a married woman who had been having an affair with a single man called Nicholas Boweton. Summoned before the judges, the shamed couple could not bring themselves to deny it. They swore an oath of atonement. They were assigned penance: they would be beaten around the parish church six times, and another six times through the market-place. At Staunton, the parishioners complained to the visitors that Thomas Smyth had ejected his wife from their house, ‘denying her food and clothing and other conjugal rights’.

If visitation seemed to some a chance to complain, for others it represented an intrusion. Who wanted to be told their church vestments needed replacing, or to traipse off to the nearest town to be solemnly scolded? At Mitcheldean, another forest village, the report gave a simple omnia bene, but a later note claimed that the official sent there ‘dare not cite the parishioners’.

 

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Blowing up the Fire Engine

“Machine with the strength of a hundred menCan’t feed and clothe my children.”

Lisa O’ Neill from her song Rock the Machine from her album Heard a Long Gone Song

“The level always has the command of the mine, waterworks (whether engine or otherwise we call waterworks) we do not think anything of, but the level is what commands the mine. A level is the mother of a mine.”

Free Miner, Thomas Davies (1832)

On 26 March 1774, some person or persons used gunpowder to blow up the Fire Engine colliery at Nailbridge near Cinderford in the Forest of Dean. One of the owners of the colliery was John Robinson who, at the time, worked as a representative of the Crown in the Forest of Dean. The following report appeared on the Gloucester Journal on 13 June 1774.

Sometime in the night of Sunday the 26th, a large quantity of gunpowder was, by some malicious or evil-disposed person or persons, conveyed under the fireplace belonging to the Fire Engine at Nailbridge, in the said Forest, with intent totally to destroy the same, and by which means such fireplace, part of the teasing house and pavement were blown up, the stack round the boiler, the iron bars, and arches of the engine house forced, and other considerable damage done.  

This is to give notice, that if any person or persons will give Information upon oath against such offenders, or any of them, so as they are convicted thereof, such person or persons giving such information shall receive a reward from the proprietors of the said Engine of One Hundred Guineas, by the payment of Mr. John Robinson, of Littledean; and if any person or persons will give Information, which may lead to the discovery of such offender or offenders, a reward of Five Guineas will be given, and the utmost secrecy observed.  

An Accomplice making such a discovery will be entitled to the Reward and insured a Pardon.  

  1. B. By Statute 9, George 111, it is enacted, that if any person or persons shall wilfully or maliciously set fire to, burn, demolish, pull down, or otherwise destroy or damage any Fire Engine, or other engine fur draining water from coal mines, or for drawing coal out of the same, or any bridge, waggon way, or trunk for conveying coals, or staith for depositing the same, every such person, being lawfully convicted of any or either of the said several offences, or of causing or procuring the same to be done, shall be judged guilty of felony, and subject to the like pains and penalties as in cases of felony.

No record of anyone claiming the award or being prosecuted for the offences exists. 

BACKGROUND

Most of what follows will draw on the research of Chris Fisher (see Custom, Work and Market Capitalism, The Forest of Dean Colliers, 1788-1888, London: Breviary, 2016 and The Forest of Dean Miners’ Riot of 1831, Bristol: BRHG, 2020) and the research of Cyril Hart (see The Free Miners of the Royal Forest of Dean and Hundred of St Briavels, Lydney: Lightmoor, 2002).  Fisher or Hart do not mention the blowing up of the Fire Engine Pit in 1775 but their texts provide an insight into the motives behind the attack on the mine.  The use of the word ‘foreigner’ in this text generally refers to capitalists from outside the Forest of Dean. 

Statutory Forest of Dean (much smaller than the Hundred of St Briavels below)

The statutory Forest of Dean and the minerals below it were and still are owned by the Crown. At the time of the explosion, Foresters claimed that free mining rights had been held ‘tyme out of mynde’. These allowed any son of a Free Miner who had worked a year and day in a mine and was born within the Hundred of St Briavels to open a pit anywhere in the statutory Forest of Dean by registering the right to mine a gale with the Deputy Gaveller. A gale was a grant to a small section of a specific seam of coal or deposit of iron ore or stone in a defined location. The Deputy Gavellers worked for the Crown and were responsible for registering the mines, seeing that the customary modes of working were enforced and collecting royalties.

The Hundred of St Briavels named from c. 1154

Book of Dennis

The first formal statements of these rights can be found in 1687 in “Laws and Customs of the Miners in the Forrest of Dean“, which was the result of an Inquisition by forty-eight Free Miners at some time before 1610 when they wrote down all that was remembered about their customary rights. This was what the miners called their “Book of Dennis”.[1]

In return for their rights and privileges, the miners had to pay a royalty on the tonnage raised to the Crown through the Deputy Gaveller. The Book of Dennis also prescribed the distances between mines, the size of containers to carry the coal, and the procedures to be followed when workings met underground. In addition, miners were allowed to build roads for the carriage of coal from the mine to the nearest Crown’s highway and to take timber from the Forest for use in the mines, without cost. Clause 24 in the Book of Dennis states that:

Alsoe every miner in his last dayes and at all tymes may bequeath and give his dole (share) of the mine to whom hee will as his own chatel, And if hee doe not the dole shall descend to his heirs.[2]

This clause is ambiguous and was later interpreted by some Free Miners to mean that they could sell a coal holding to a foreigner. However, Clause 30 of the Book of Dennis seems to exclude foreigners from the mines:

Alsoe no stranger of what degree soever hee bee but only that beene borne and abideing within the Castle of St Brievills and the bounds of the fforest, is as is aforesaid, shall come within the Mine to see and knowe ye privities of our Sou’aigne Lord the King in his said Mine.[3]

Again, there was some ambiguity in this. Certainly, foreigners were excluded by Clause 30 from entering the mines and, therefore from working in them and becoming Free Miners. It does not, however, specifically prohibit foreigners from participating in the industry as non-working partners.

Mine Law Court

In most of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the customary right to mine was regulated by the Mine Law Court which operated in the manner set out by the Book of Dennis. The Court dealt with disputes, enabled a democratic and fair system of self-regulation, limited the accumulation of wealth by a single individual, and set out to ban outsiders from entering the industry.

All disputes among the miners were tried before the Mine Law Court, presided over by the Constable, usually a local nobleman based at St Briavels Castle, the Castle Clerk, and the Deputy Gavellers.[4] Matters were judged, with no foreigners present, by juries of twelve, twenty-four or forty-eight Free Miners whose decisions were final and binding. In addition, the Court could make further laws and regulations for the regulation of the industry.  Miners were encouraged to hold to the Court and to enforce its decisions by a regulation which awarded to the plaintiffs half of any fine imposed on any other miner they successfully sued for breach of custom.

The Court established the size of the measures to be used in selling and carrying the coal and set the prices to be charged to different customers in different places. To ensure that the miners set their prices in accordance with this scale, the Court sometimes appointed panels of ‘Bargainers’ whose job was to arrange prices with regional or industrial groups of customers. Only Free Miners were allowed to transport coal (usually to the River Severn or Wye) and they were required to sell at the price fixed by the Bargainers. To defend its regulations and jurisdiction, the Court from time to time collected levies on all miners and coal carriers to provide funds for legal expenses.

The Court’s primary function was to limit entry to the industry. Only the sons of Free Miners who had been born in the Hundred of St Briavels and who had served an apprenticeship of a year and a day with their fathers or other Free Miners were permitted to become Free Miners. The sons of fathers not born free had to serve an apprenticeship of seven years if they wished to gain their freedom. Court further guarded against the intrusion of outsiders and the concentration of economic power in the hands of a few men, by stipulating that only Free Miners should carry the coal to market and that no carrier should have more than four horses for his business.[5]

The only exception allowed to these rules was that the Court might create honorary Free Miners who were entitled to the usual franchises and privileges. This occurred at times when the miners felt they needed the support of influential people. However, this was a breach of the Clauses in the Book of Dennis and, as we shall see, sowed seeds of discord at the end of the eighteenth century.

The Governor and Company of Copper Mines in England

There was no ambiguity about the Mine Law Court’s intention to closely limit the industry to native miners. In, the early 1750s, The Governor and Company of Copper Mines in England had enclosed land for their own mining and had attempted to exclude local miners from it. They had obtained the gale from free miners who had either sold it or given it to them.[6]  In 1832, during the proceedings of a Commission appointed by the government to investigate mining in the Forest, William Collins, aged 77, deposed:

The miners tried to stop the company and could only do it by cutting under and letting the company’s work fall in.[7]

In other words, the mine was destroyed by miners tunnelling underneath it and causing its collapse. In 1752, the Company sued a party of miners for damages in the Court of the King’s Bench but their action failed when the jury found in favour of the miners who pleaded the customary right to mine wherever they wished. So, at this time, any large-scale, systematic attempt by foreigners to open mines in the Forest was vulnerable to undermining, against which they appeared to have no remedy at law.

Coal Mining

The miners worked in ‘companies’ where each ‘vern’ or partner had an agreed ‘dole’ or share of the profit. One of them acted as the leader of the company:

the strict custom required that the mines should be worked by companies of four persons, called verns or partners, the King considered as a fifth … all the verns were required to be free miners and to proceed in driving and working the level, or sinking and working the water pit, by their own labour, or assisted by their sons, or by apprentices.[8]

Under this system, the ownership of the mines was spread among a fairly large number of men and was not concentrated in the hands of a few. 

The industry that worked within this customary framework was made up of relatively shallow pits and levels that worked the outcrop of the seams in the Forest coal basin, and these were limited in extent by the difficulty of dealing with water in the coal. Where they could the miners took advantage of the slope of the seams to help with drainage. However, Rev H.G. Nicholls wrote in  that:

If the vein of coal proposed to be worked did not admit of being reached by a level, then a pit was sunk to it, although rarely to a greater depth than 25 yards, the water being raised in buckets, or by a water wheel engine, or else by a drain having its outlet in some distant but lower spot … the chief difficulty being found in keeping the workings free from water, which in wet seasons not infrequently gained the mastery and drowned the men out.[9]

A Water Wheel (Credit: Coalville Heritage)

However, up to the end of the eighteenth century, most of the Free Miners were hostile to the use of deep pits with water wheels to pump water because of the cost. The culture was one of small-scale cooperative working of levels to access the coal and this was reflected in the detailed regulations of the Mine Law Court.

Deep pits could also interfere with the workings of  nearby  levels which were driven at a near horizontal level into the ground. The discharge of large quantities of water on the surface by water wheels could impact the workings or flood nearby levels.

On the other hand, the pumping of water to the surface could benefit nearby mines which were in danger of flooding by lowering the water levels in their workings. However, in 1832, during the proceedings of the 1831 Commission, Free Miner, Thomas Davies argued that:

The level always has the command of the mine, waterworks (whether engine or otherwise we call waterworks) we do not think anything of, but the level is what commands the mine. A level is the mother of a mine.

As a result of this long-standing custom, the Mine Law Court made certain regulations around the use of water wheel engines. In 1754, after the introduction of a water wheel engine at the Oiling Green colliery the Court ordained that:

No free miner or miners shall or may sink any water pit and get coal out of it Above and Beneath the Wood within the limits or bounds of one thousand yards of any freeminer’s level to prejudice that level; if they do they shall forfeit the penalty of the Order which is £5, one half, etc.[10]

This was because levels could be several hundred yards long before they met a seam of coal.  In the case of pits, the Mine Law Court regulations stated that they only had a protection of 12 yards from the centre of the pit. This had the effect of restricting the use of pits.  In 1832, during proceedings of the Commission, Thomas Davies said that:

`the bound is 1,000 yards. If the gaveller gives a gale within 800 yards, the galee has a right to cut off any water pit, if he has a level that will raise the coal.[11]

Animation of a schematic Newcomen engine. Steam is shown pink and water is blue. Valves move from open (green) to closed (red). Credit: Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen

In making the 1,000 yard regulation in 1754, a reference in the Mine Court Law documents is made to the Water Wheel Ingine at the Oiling Green near Broadmoor. This was the first time a Water Wheel Engine was established in the Forest.[12] The document reveals that its owners had been influential enough to successfully get the pit categorised as a level to circumvent the regulations.

Fire Engines

Steam engines (often called Fire Engines) could help to overcome the problem of pumping water from mines more effectively than water wheels. These engines were usually based on an invention by Thomas Newcomen in 1708 of a self-acting atmospheric engine. They were expensive to buy and required a lot of coal to run. They became quite popular in the coal industry and by the end of the eighteenth century mainly to pump water out of pits. However, up to the end of the eighteenth century in the Forest of Dean, most mines were levels or shallow pits of  the type described by Rudder in 1799:

were not deep – because when the miners find themselves much incommoded with water, they sink a new one, rather than erect a fire engine, which might well answer the expense very well.[13]

Gloucester Journal 30 March 1772

Most Free Miners did not have the capital necessary for their installation, and the custom generally excluded foreigners who could supply the capital. However, it appears that by 1775, John Robinson and his son Thomas Robinson (Snr) in conjunction with a group of foreigners had bought a mine from free miners and established the first steam engine or “fire engine” to pump water in a mine in the Forest. The mine was The Fire Engine (originally The Oiling Gin or Water Wheel at the Orling Green near Broadmoor).

The company of gentlemen included John Robinson of Little Dean; Robert Pyrke of Newnham; Selwyn Jones of Chepstow; Thomas Weaver of Gloucester; Joseph Lloyd of Gun’s Mills; Thomas Crawley Boevey, of Flaxley, Esq. The company also included a free miner called William Howell of Littledean in whose name the gale was now registered. Howell retained sixteenth of the shares in the company.

John Robinson (1712-1784) was Deputy Gaveller from at least 1775 to 1777 and his son Philip Robinson (1744-1809) also later held the position. Robert Pyrke was a shipping entrepreneur and merchant who built a new quay at Newnham in 1755 with cranes and warehouses. Thomas Weaver was a pin manufacturer from Gloucester. Joseph Lloyd was a businessman who converted Gunns Mill into a paper mill. Thomas Crawley was an aristocrat who inherited Flaxley Abbey in 1726. It is unlikely any of these men had ever worked in a mine but they had the wealth and capital to fund a fire engine and probably employed others to do the work for them on piece rates or wages.

Some free miners would not have been happy with the intrusion of foreigners into their industry even if they were honorary free miners or Crown officials. Also, a fire engine would have been far more efficient at pumping water than a water wheel and so there may have been conflict over the discharge of large quantities of water impacting nearby levels.

Last Meeting of the Court

A meeting of the Mine Law Court held in August 1775 made it clear that the sale of mines to foreigners was prohibited or at least not acceptable to the Court.

Clause 8: Every miner or collier may give his mine or coal works to any person that he will, but if he does give it by will, that person, if required, shall bring the testament, and show it to the Court, but if it is a verbal will, he shall bring two witnesses to testify the will of the miner.

Clause 16: Foreigners having any mine or coal work carried in the Hundred of St Briavels, shall sell it to some free miner by private contract if they can, or otherwise expose it to sale by auction, by the Mine Law Court.

Clause 17: If a free miner dies and leaves his mine or coal works by will or testament to a foreigner, or it comes to him by heirship or marriage, he shall sell it as aforesaid, or hire Free Miners to work for him.

Clause 18: If any free miner sells any mine or coal work to a foreigner, he shall be liable to a penalty of £20, to be recovered in the Mine Law Court.[14]

The need for this restatement indicates that there was tension between miners and foreigners. The foreigners, including certain Crown officers, Deputy Constables, and Deputy Gavellers, had at one point been granted honorary Free Miner status, likely in recognition of services rendered to the miners. Some of these honorary Free Miners had gone on two acquire other mines as well as the Fire Engine. These were the Brown’s Green and Gentlemen Colliers. In each case, they had taken foreigners into partnership. This arrangement appears to have been a key factor behind the resolutions of 1775 listed above.

In 1772, in the period of John Robinson’s tenure as deputy gaveller, the rent for Brown’s Green colliery was paid for by Partridge, Platt and Co. who were foreigners even though the names in the gale book for the gale were different.[15] In 1792, the name on the gale book was George Morse who probably was a Free Miner.[16] Thirty years later the name of the mine had changed to the Lidbrook Water Engine and the names on the gale book were Harford, Partridge and Co. This company owned forges and traded in iron and its products in Bristol and Monmouth.

In 1766, the Gentlemen Colliers was owned, at this time, by a company of ‘gentlemen’ from Coleford, all or some of whom were been honorary free miners from Coleford and Newland.[17] In 1766, the gale was held in the names of the following: Mr Richard Sladen, Mr Dew, Richard Wilcox, Mr Dutton, John Hawkins, John Sladen, Henry Wilcox and Henry Yarworth.  Richard Sladen owned the Inn, The Plume of Feathers in Coleford, and some of the others were local tradesmen and/or property owners.

Theft

The court’s records, usually kept at the Speech House, were targeted after the court’s session in August 1775 when someone broke into the chest where these documents were stored and removed them. This was the last time the court sat and this left the supervision of mining customs solely in the hands of the Deputy Gaveller, John Robinson. Fifty-three years later, Thomas Davis, a free miner aged eighty, said in evidence before the Dean Forest Commissioners, who were inquiring into the miners’ rights, that:

The Mine Law Court was given up, because of a dispute between Free Miners and foreigners, whom we did not consider fit to carry on the works. I believe the Court was given up because somebody took all the papers away from the speech house, and they were considered to be stolen. The Gaveller, one John Robinson, was a partner in the Fire Engine and was supposed on that account to have taken them away.[18]

A memorial presented to the Commissioners by Mr Clarke on behalf of the Free Miners echoed a similar sentiment, though it did not explicitly name Robinson. Foreigners, unable to bypass the barriers imposed by the Mine Law Courts—particularly the 1775 orders that prohibited them from working in the mines—recognised that their only chance for success lay in ridding the Forest of the Mine Law Court altogether.

Two of the partners in the Fire Engine were John and Phillip Robinson Snr, father and son, and both Deputy Gavellers. One of them was also a Clerk to the Mine Law Court and had possession of the records. The inference which all this suggests is that John Robinson had stolen the records and then, in his capacity as Deputy Gaveller, had refused to hold the Court again because there were no records. The records reappeared in 1832 in the hands of Phillip Robinson Jnr (1784- 1857) son of Phillip Robinson Snr, and assistant to the Deputy Gaveller. In 1832, Philip Robinson Jnr recalled:

I have heard my father often converse with Free Miners, and tell them it was their own fault the Mine Law Court dropped, and arose from their own supineness.[19]

Conclusion

The role of the Robinsons in the theft of the Mine Law court records is subject to doubt as the evidence is only circumstantial. However, the cessation of the Court had no important immediate consequences. The three mines, Fire Engine, the Brown’s Green and Gentlemen Colliers in which foreigners had a share were a small minority of the total number of mines. In 1776, it appears as the Fire Engine passed back into the hands of four Free Miners (Thomas Hale, James Tingle, Anthony Mountjoy and Thomas Hobbs) for the sum of £2200.

The cases of these three mines, all of which involved Crown officers, were the only substantial intrusion by foreigners into the Forest of Dean coalfield before about 1800. The destruction of the Fire Engine appeared to have curtailed any attempt to challenge long-established customary rights of Foresters to mine coal in the Forest of Dean. This was not an act of vandalism but a serious and successful attempt to defend a community from powerful social and economic forces which challenged their way of life.

This did not last. The Free Miners petitioned for the revival of the Mine Law Court but were ignored. This failure created an environment in which the strict rules governing ownership of the mines began to break down. Some free miners took advanage of this, in particular the Teague brothers, George, James and Thomas.

By 1788, free miners George Teague and George Martin (who was also a farmer), had insalled a fire engine at their pit, the  Nofold Fire Engine Colliery near Cinderford.[20] In 1795, a free miner, James Teague, who had formed partnerships with foreigners, installed a fire engine and sunk a pit on his Potlid Gale about a mile north of Broadwell.[21]

As time went on, more Free Miners broke ranks and sold their pits or went into partnership with outside industrialists. This was a major factor in allowing capitalists to move into the Forest in the early nineteenth century and to start opening bigger and deeper coal mines.

As a result, the early nineteenth century saw the penetration and transformation of the old free-mining coal industry by capitalists from beyond the borders of the Forest. In the years between 1790 and 1830 the mining industry in the Forest of Dean passed, in the main, from the hands of a relatively large group of working proprietors of small-scale co-operative pits into those of a small group of men, mostly outside capitalists, who brought with them the steam engine, deep mining, tram roads and iron furnaces.

The owners of the tram roads charged high toll fees which were often unaffordable for some of the smaller Free Miners who were no longer able to claim the sole right to transport coal. [22]In addition, from about 1810, the Crown decided to enclose large areas of the Forest for timber production for the Royal Navy.  Not only did this prevent miners from accessing Forest land to mine its minerals but it also limited their customary right to run animals in the woods.

By 1830 Edward Protheroe, from Bristol, had become the most powerful capitalist in the Forest. He had invested the money he made from the slave trade and from his West Indies plantations into thirty coal pits as well as iron mines and iron works. He employed about 500 men and owned substantial shares in the new tram roads. In 1831, Protheroes told the Commissioners:

The depth of my principal pits at Parkend and Bilson varies from about 150 to 200 yards; that of my new gales for which I have engine-licences, is estimated at from 250 to 300 yards. I have 12 steam-engines, varying from 12 to 140hp, nine or ten of which are at work, the whole amounting to 500hp; and I have licences for four more engines, two of which must be of very great power.[23]

The ability of approximately one thousand Free Miners, operating small levels to access the outcrop of coal, to compete with men like Protheroe was curtailed and, as a result, most of the inhabitants of the Forest were now dependent on the wages they earned working in the new deep pits owned by the capitalists. Many were reduced to poverty and some to unemployment. In 1831 the people of the Forest of Dean rioted, tore down the enclosure fences and attacked the property of Protheroe’s agent. But that is another story.[24]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTDjWZ1VOm4

[1] A copy of The Laws and Customs of the Miners in the Forest of Dean is held in the Gloucestershire Archives. Cyril Hart has reprinted in its entirety in his The Free Miners. Clause numbers given here correspond to Hart’s paragraph numbers.

[2] Hart, The Free Miners, 39.

[3]  Hart, The Free Miners, 40.

[4] The Constable was the King’s man, responsible for mediating between him and his subjects in the Forest on all matters other than those concerning the timber. Through the Gavellers and Deputy Gavellers and the Mine Law Court, he supervised the mining industry and saw that the King had his share of profit from it. He also conducted a court which adjudicated claims of debt among the foresters and maintained a debtor’s prison at the St Briavels Castle. The Marquis of Worcester, the Duke of Beaufort and the Earl of Berkeley acted as Constables from time to time during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries

[5] Hart, Free Miners, 73-74.

[6] Hart, The Free Miners, 272

[7] Ibid.

[8] Fisher, 1831 Riot, 41.

[9] H.G. Nicholls, The Forest of Dean, 2nd edition, edited by C.N. Hart, (Whitstable: David and Charles, 1966), 238 – 239.

[10] Hart, The Free Miners, 125 – 126.

[11] Hart, The Free Miners, 302.

[12] Hart, The Free Miners, 126 and 139.

[13] Rudder, S. quoted by Nicholls, The Forest of Dean, 237.

[14] Hart, The Free Miners, 126-127.

[15] Hart, The Free Miners, 271.

[16] Hart, The Free Miners, 266.

[17] Hart, The Free Miners, 258.

[18] Fisher, The 1831 Riot, 38

[19] Hart, The Free Miners, 270.

[20]  Ralph Anstis, The Industrial Teagues of the Forest of Dean (Gloucester: Alan Sutton) Chapter Four.

[21] Anstis, The Industrial Teagues of the Forest of Dean  23-24.

[22] Tram roads were made using iron rails fitted to stone blocks to allow horse-drawn wagons to transport the coal.

[23] Cyril Hart, The industrial History of Dean (Newton Abbott: David Charles, 1972) 269.

[24] Ralph Anstis, Warren James and Dean Forest Riots (London: Breviary, 2011); Chris Fisher Custom, Work and Market Capitalism, The Forest of Dean Colliers, 1788-1888 (London: Breviary, 2016) and Chris Fisher The Forest of Dean Miners’ Riot of 1831 (Bristol: BRHG, 2020).

 

 

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Forest of Dean Women Take the Lead by Phil Jones

I started work in the Forest just over 50 years ago. I hadn’t been in the council offices for more than a few weeks before noticing lorries, laden with blackcurrants, going up the hill past the office window. I was already active in my workplace union and within the local trade union council where I had met many committed shop stewards from well organised workplaces, but I can’t remember meeting anyone from the unions at Beechams until they walked off the job in the late summer of 1977. Working with pickets on their marvellous picket line, I spent the next few weeks working my socks off to spread the word about the strike, organising solidarity meetings and collections around the forest and much further afield. When workers at the factory, now owned by Suntory, came out on strike earlier this year, I wrote an an anecdotal sketch to tell the story of the 1977 strike which I circulated and discussed on their picket line. The discussions were fascinating but the dispute was quickly resolved. I believe the Beechams strike of 1977 should go down as an important piece of local working class history. Here’s my memory…I hope you enjoy reading it.

Phil Jones

 

In the late summer of 1977, 450 low-paid workers at the Coleford soft drinks factory came out on strike after Beechams, the giant drinks, drugs and toiletries manufacturer, had driven a coach and horses through the government’s 10per cent dividend limit to give shareholders a 200 per cent rise.

Two years earlier the Labour government and the TUC had made an agreement, the Social Contract, which ‘voluntarily’ limited wage rises in exchange for a promise to improve rights at work and the provision of social welfare. The trades union leaders had held back on wage demands for almost three years but there was rumbling in the ranks as inflation took hold and the cost of living hit wage workers hard, particularly the low-paid. The Transport and General Workers union conference had voted to end wage controls at its conference, a few weeks earlier, but the leadership of the union was not willing to lead a campaign against the Labour government.

The workers at Beechams had other ideas. The workforce, two-thirds of whom were women, was a mix of seasonal, part-time and full-time workers, working a variety of shifts. Most were union members, but few had been on strike before. The convenor proudly wore a CTU tie. He was a Conservative Trades Unionist. He was pressed to call a mass meeting to discuss the annual pay offer and was taken completely by surprise by the result. The workers voted to strike.

Faced with reticent and even hostile trade union leaders the rank-and-file workers stepped up to the task. They elected a strike committee with mainly women in the forefront and organised round the clock picketing at the factory entrance, establishing an atmosphere of determination and good humour. Most workers took picket duty seriously, but it was often a fun place to be. Workers from local factories and offices were welcomed at the picket, which at times resembled a campsite. Women, who made up two-thirds of the workforce, took many of the leading roles but they didn’t need titles or badges as they were leaders who had the respect of their workmates. This was possibly the first strike against the social contract, and they were taking on a multi-national company, the Labour government, and the leadership of their union, who refused to make the strike official.

Margaret Merry, a twilight shift worker, told a national newspaper:

We can’t afford to go back to work and carry on living on these wages. Our union policy is against wage controls, yet the union won’t back us. It doesn’t make sense.

Margaret Merry, speaking out against those who argued that seasonal and twilight workers were ‘just working for pin money’ said:

I work five hours a night for five or six shifts a week. I go to work when the kids are back from school and my husband has come home from work to look after them. We work because we need the money.  You can’t live on one person’s income these days. I’d like to know what these MPs and union leaders would say if their husband came home and put £30 on the table to keep a family for a week. In thirty years, there’s never been a strike here. The management have got richer while we’ve got poorer. They offer £3 a week. It’s nothing.

Margaret Merry, Carmen Gomery and Jackie Leach were just three of the women who took a lead during the six weeks they were on strike. All three women, and many more besides, were not only trusted and willing to give a lead to the Beechams workers;  they were willing to stand up and draw in support and solidarity from workers in the Forest of Dean and further afield. They organised a lobby of the TUC conference and a solidarity meeting of 60 trades convenors and shop stewards from factories and other workplaces around the forest and Monmouth. Money started coming into the strike fund from collections and donations, but the Transport Union refused to make the strike official.

When it was suggested that they travel to the Beechams factory in Brentford one of the male stewards said it was a waste of time “because most of the workers there were foreign or coloured.” The following Sunday a car, carrying a black family, pulled into the picket line and the driver stepped out of the car saying:

I’m the convenor of the Brentford factory. We made a collection. I’ve come down with my family to offer support. Who can I give the money to?

He handed a bag of money over to the pickets, probably unaware that his family’s presence and solidarity had isolated and perhaps caused the evaporation of any latent racism amongst the small minority of strikers who had held such views.

The Transport union officials in Gloucester and Bristol distanced themselves from the strike. On several occasions, Brian Weston, the District Secretary had addressed mass meetings sometimes offering verbal support but on one occasion suggesting that they had been out for two weeks and made their point and perhaps ought to return to work. At the meeting, a steward read out a report in that week’s Socialist Worker and the convenor called for a vote on the return to work. The meeting, almost unanimously, voted to stay out and spread the action. “The foresters are a militant lot,” said Brian Weston, as he left the meeting… “No thanks to you,” one of the pickets fired back.

The strike lasted six weeks. During that time, many of the women strikers had spoken at meetings and events in different parts of the country, but even though money was coming in from various workplace and trade union collections, their union refused to make the strike official and refused to give the Beechams workers strike pay.

The strike was terminated by their union after someone in Coleford, who had no connection with Beechams, had organised a poll of the passing public outside the post office. The question on the poll said something like…”Do you think the Beechams workers should go back to work. Yes or No?” There was a slight majority for Yes amongst the few members of the public who had participated but it was enough for the assistant district secretary of the union, John Power, to call the strike off saying, “You’ve lost the support of the public.” The strikers went back to work.

They might not have won their wage demand, but they had demonstrated their dignity and determination. I have mentioned three women and with a better memory, I could have mentioned more. Men were involved in the strike and some took a lead role, but it was the role of the women who dispelled any myths that they were just there to support the men. They were angry fighters and they need to be recorded in history as women who were willing to stand up and fight against injustice; to stand against the rich and powerful and to challenge the union leaders who thought it more important to protect the Labour government than to support its own members.

This is how the strike was reported in the newspaper Socialist Worker
Socialist Worker 13 August 1977

Socialist Worker 20 August 1977

Socialist Worker 27 August 1977

Socialist Worker 3 September 1977
Socialist Worker 10 September 1977
Socialist Worker 17 September 1977
Socialist Worker 24 September 1977

 

 

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A Place Called Noxon

Noxon Farm was a 180-acre dairy farm owned by the Crown. In the years 1961 to 1984, the farm was tenanted to Ken Wright who lived at the farmhouse with his wife, Olive, and where they brought up their children, David, Ian and Susan.

Ken and Olive

After the retirement of Ken in 1984, David took on the tenancy and moved into the farmhouse with his wife Caroline where they brought up their daughters Hannah and Abi.

Dave and Caroline

In 1963 Ray Ruck started to work at Noxon and moved into one of the Crown cottages with his wife Shirley where they brought up their three children Stephen, Terry and Andrew. Ken died in 1986 but Ray continued working at the farm until 1996.  David gave up the tenancy in 2004 following the outbreak of foot and mouth disease and the slaughter of the dairy herd.

Ray

The farm was part of the much larger Clearwell Estate which, from 1919, was owned by the Crown. In the nineteenth century, the nearby  Noxon Park and Oakwood Valley were bustling with industrial activity with coal and iron ore mines, limestone and sandstone quarries, foundries, blast furnaces, tram roads and railways. The area is now managed by the Crown for timber production although some areas of the woodland have been left to grow wild.

Noxon Farm in 1964
Noxon Farm showing fields north and south the avenue

Ancient History

Examples of flints found by Ian Wright in the fields surrounding the farm.

In ancient times hunter-gatherer tribes roamed the highland surrounding the area now occupied by Noxon Farm. Many flints used by Mesolithic and Neolithic people have been found scattered on the surface after the ground has been ploughed. In a field walking expedition in the large field south of the avenue in the above map, the Dean Archaeology Group found a massive 555 flints including cores, scrapers, and arrowheads. The presence of Neolithic and Mesolithic flints amongst the assemblages may suggest that these areas were occupied periodically or continuously over a considerable period. The presence of burnt flints characterised by small cracks indicates that  the area may have been used for short-stay campsites and domestic purposes such as cooking and heating water. Romano-British sherds of pottery were also found.

Noxon Estate

The first record of a place called Noxon is in a reference to Sir John de Wysham who, on 3 June 1317 was granted the ‘King’s Fish Pool’ and 200 acres of ‘forest waste’ at Noxon in the Forest of Dean (increased to 280 acres which were cleared by 1321) on account of his good service to King Edward II. The rent was 70s 6d a year. This is probably the area covered by part of the existing Noxon Park and the existing ground area north of the avenue and up to the Park.

Wysham was an English knight who served as Constable of St Briavels Castle from 1310 to 1318 when he lived in the Forest of Dean. The Constable was the keeper or warden (custodes) of the Forest under the Crown. After he died in 1332, his son John de Wysham inherited the Noxon Estate. The fishpool at Noxon in 1317 was probably on Oakwood Brook. The large pond that adjoins the farmhouse now appears to have been made later, but before 1840, by damning the top of Oakwood Valley.

Clearwell Court: a detail from the Kip engraving of c.1710, showing the Tudor house that existed then.

By the end of the 14th century Noxon Estate had passed to William Wyesham, who leased it to Isabel, widow of John Joce, and in 1403 conveyed it in perpetuity to her and her second husband John Greyndour (1356-1416) owner of an estate of about 2000 acres around nearby Newland and Clearwell. It was then passed to John’s son Robert (1388-1443) who was the first owner of the estate to be styled as ‘of Clearwell’ or ‘of Clowerwell’ rather than ‘of Newland’, the large village in whose parish the estate lay. In the mid-15th century, Robert Greyndour started building the first house on the site, comprising a hall, a chapel and 12 chambers. Nothing now remains of this house.

Clearwell Castle: the 18th-century house is first recorded in this engraving of 1775.

After Robert died in 1443 the Clearwell estate passed by marriage to the Baynham family in 1484, and it remained in their possession until 1611, when it again passed by marriage to the Throckmortons. In the mid-17th century, Sir Baynham Throckmorton was a leading figure among the county gentry and one of the senior officials in the Forest of Dean. He had to pay a large fine to recover his estate from sequestration in the Civil War and subsequently forfeited it again and had to buy it back in 1653, crippling the family finances. In 1698 his son’s heirs sold the house to Francis Wyndham of Uffords Manor (Norfolk) and then to his son Thomas who built the existing Clearwell Castle. The estate passes down from Thomas Wyndham to his son, Thomas of Dunraven, and then on to Dunraven’s daughter, Caroline. Clearwell Court, as it was then known, passed hands numerous times before being purchased by Colonel Charles Vereker.

Clearwell Court with Noxon Farm in the Distance

Noxon Farm

There is evidence of medieval cultivation as the remains of a ridge and furrow system can be seen on the bank on the far side of the existing pond. There were farm buildings at Noxon in 1443, but in the 16th and early 17th centuries most of the land was used as a park and in 1611 it had two lodges, a new one and an old one. There is documentary evidence for hunting or game keeper’s lodges at Noxon Park.

A 1608 map shows the area to the north of the avenue as wooded with large open fields to the south of the avenue. Noxon Farm may occupy the site of one of the lodges mentioned above, though the surviving house dates from the late 17th century. Its main range was probably built in two stages at that period, with the west end the earlier. During the 19th century, the house was much altered and additions were made to its south side in three or more stages.

1608 Map

A 1782 map of the Forest of Dean shows the area now occupied by the farmland between the avenue and the woods as open parkland and the Lord of the Clearwell manor may have used this for hunting. The small building marked on the map may have been a hunting lodge. However, an 1840 map shows the existing farmhouse, farm buildings and a field system.

So at some stage, in the eighteenth century most of the land on the Clearwell Estate was enclosed and hedges planted, some of which remain today. The estate was divided up into plots of land of about 150 acres and let to tenant farmers.

One of these plots of land was Noxon Farm which occupied the land on the south-western side of the Noxon estate including Bradfields, while the north-east side, chiefly comprising Noxon Park wood, was maintained as woodland and mined for iron ore and coal.

The Constants

The family who were tenants and lived at Noxon from about 1650 to 1869 were called Constant and they were both farmers and free miners who mined coal and iron ore in Noxon Park and elsewhere. The tenancy was held by Israel Constant (1741-1790) and then by his son John Constant (1771-1851).

1782 Map

In the 1770/80s Israel Constant and Joseph Constant worked a pit called New Work in Noxon Park. In the 1790s, Israel Constant mined coal with others in Noxon Park at levels called Dog Kennel and Merry Way and paid royalties to the owners of Clearwell Estate.

Bryants Map of Gloucestershire (1824)

Note in the above map the border of the Statutory Forest marked by the dotted line is north of the small area of woodland which is part of Noxon Park. When John Constant registered as a free miner in 1838, he was mining coal at Nags Head and Stoning Stile Level. In 1841, he was mining Endeavour Level at Dark Hill and Drybrook Folly level.

1841 Census

Name Role Age
John Constant Farmer 70
Sarah Constant nee Mudway Farmer’s Wife 58
Thomas Constant Farmer’s Son 25
Harriot Constant Daughter 16
Henrietta Constant Daughter 14
Israel Constant Farmer and John’s Brother 67
Elizabeth Mudway Sarah’s Mother 84
Thomas Mudway Sarah’ Brother 35
Maria Ward 15
Angelina Goode 5
1840 Tythe Map

John Constant’s wife was Sarah Mudway who was the daughter of Richard and Elizabeth Mudway who held the tenancy of Cauldwell Farm until he died in 1824. Elizabeth and her son Thomas held the Caudwell tenancy until 1840 when they sold up and moved to Noxon. Elizabeth died in 1842 and then Thomas took up the tenancy of Stowe Green Farm.

After the death of John Constant his son Thomas Constant (1820-1869) inherited the tenancy and concentrated on farming. Thomas’s only son Thomas Benjamin Constant (1864 -1945) was too young to inherit the tenancy but later emigrated to America.

Atkinson’s Map of the Forest of Dean (1847)

1851 Census

Name Role Age
Sarah Constant Widow and retired 65
Thomas Constant Son and Tenant Farmer 30
Harriot Constant Daughter 26
Henrietta Constant
Daughter 24
Mary A Holbrook Servant 32
William Hopkins Farm Labourer 23
John Davies Farm Labourer 16

1861 Census

Name Role Age
Thomas Constant Tenant Farmer 40
Kate Constant Farmer’s Wife 22
Henrietta Constant Daughter 3 months
Alfred Smith Cousin and Farmer’s son 32
Mary Anne Holbrook Servant 41
Ellen Goslen Dairy Maid 21
William Price Servant 15

New Tenants

In 1871 the tenancy was held by Captain John Henry Dighton who lived at Tan House and then Oak House in Newland and employed Richard Harris to live at Noxon to manage the farm.

1871 Census

Name Role Age
Richard Harris Farm Labourer 53
Mary Taylor Servant 63
William Oliver Farm Labourer 63
Edwin Harris Farm Labourer 82

In February 1883, Noxon was let on a lease of five years at £240 per year to Rees Thomas from Maesycrochan, Farm near Cardiff who then sublet it to David Thomas (no relative) from Wales on a lease of one year from February 1883.  However, Rees Thomas broke the terms of the lease by abandoning the farm after one year and emigrating to America leaving the farm in a poor state.

1881 Census

Name Role Age
David Thomas Tenant Farmer 41
Elizabeth Thomas Farmers Wife 36
Elizabeth Mary Thomas
Farmer’s Daughter 14
Ida Catherine Thomas Daughter 11
Frederick William Thomas Son 9
Blanch Jane Thomas Daughter 5
Ellen Gwendoline Thomas Daughter 3
Charles Sam Philips Brother and Retired Farmer 33
Ann Philips Charles’s Wife 35
Mary Harris Servant 19
Barbara Miles Servant 15

In 1885, the tenancy was held by James Miles at a rent of £200 per year. James had previously held the tenancy of Court, Platwell and Longley Farms. In March 1880, James’s son, 27-year-old Thomas Miles who farmed at nearby Stowe Green farm, committed suicide after a period of depression by hanging himself from an apple tree at his farm.

On Tuesday 17 May 1887, Julia Anna, the 29-year-old daughter of James Miles went missing and the following week notices were posted in local papers offering a £5 reward for information leading to her whereabouts. The family were very concerned that she may have committed suicide, as her brother had done a few years before, and because when she had left home, she was suffering from a form of ‘religious mania’. Sadly, her body was found in the River Severn on Tuesday 24 May near Woolaston. The coroner’s jury found that she had “committed suicide whilst in a fit of temporary insanity”. James also rented a farm at Pencoyd, in Herefordshire and moved there after the death of Julia perhaps out of grief and so his son William took over the running of Noxon.

1891 Census

Name Role Age
William Miles Farmer’s Son 31
Mary Miles Sister 26
Annette Dawe Border 51
William Mildew Servant 17

On Monday 5 December 1892. William Miles, 32-year-old the son of James, fell off his horse when returning from Coleford fair and died because of a broken neck. William had left the Angel in Coleford at about 9 pm when there was snow on the ground. William had a reputation for being reckless and the landlord of the Angel stated that he rode off down Newland Street at a pace. At 10 pm he called in at the Wyndham Arms leaving at about 10 pm. About an hour later his body was found on the ground at Shophouse. This was tragic news for the family having already lost two children to suicide.  James Miles was ill in bed and his wife was away in Herefordshire at another farm her husband rented. In January 1905, James Miles sold up.

Chepstow Weekly Advertiser 28 January 1905

In 1911 the tenancy was held by Stanley Teague, the son of James Teague from Trowgreen Farm. Stanley gave up his Noxon tenancy in January 1924.

Stanley Teague (Credit Ancestry)
1919 Map

1911 Census

Name Role Age
Stanley G Teague Tenant Farmer 30
Florence Teague Farmer’s Wife 29

 

1921 Census

Name Role Age
Stanley Teague Farmer 40
Florence Teague Farmer’s Wife 39
Ursula Robinson Niece and Help 14
Jeffrey Prosser Horseman 20
Albert Nash Cow Boy 18
Ursula Teague Daughter 1

Joseph Smith, whose brother Harry Smith farmed at Cherry Orchard, held the tenancy from 1924 to 1932. After Joseph died, Walter Robinson then took on the tenancy until February 1935. 

The Williams Brothers

Harold George Williams and Alfred Horris Williams held the tenancy and lived at Noxon with their housekeeper Julia Sully and their mother Mary (until she died) from 1935 until 1960. Harold and Alfred had been brought up on Abbey Farm Chapel Hill Near Chepstow and then had worked at Tan House Farm in Newland.

The Avenue (1950s)

During this period brothers Trevor & Basil Vaughan worked on the farm. They both lived in one of the cottages next to the church in Bream until they married.  The cottages were demolished in about 1961. Basil married Margaret who was a land girl from London, and they lived in one of the two crown cottages on the avenue at Trow Green which were designated for farm workers from Noxon or Trow Green. Basil worked at Noxon as soon as he left school and then right through the war years until he left to work in the car factories in Oxford in the 1970s. Trevor married Eileen from Viney Hill and at first lived on Brockhollands Rd and then moved to their own house at The Tufts in Bream.

Basil  on Combine (Thanks to Megan Hastelow)
Harold and Alfred Williams with Basil and Trevor (Thanks to Megan Hastelow)
Basil and Trevor with on of the Williams brothers (Thanks to Megan Hastelow)

In 1960 the Williams brothers retired and the new tenancy was awarded to Ken Wright who previously held the tenancy of Blacklands Farm near Old Basing in Hampshire with his brother-in-law. In 1960, Ken, Olive, David, Ian and Susan Wright moved to the farm and Ken set about building up a herd of dairy cows as well as keeping pigs and chickens and growing potatoes. Not long after this, Trevor left Noxon and went to work at the Rubber factory in Lydney.

Ken Wright in the garden at Noxon with his sons David and Ian
Ken Wright and Ray Ruck rolling silage with a Nuffield Tractor
Ken Wright and daughter Susan and son Ian
Ken Wright, ian and Susan in the Cow Yard on a Massy Ferguson 35
Dave and Kevin Tye
ian Feeding the Cows in Winter
Ken Wright and his nephew George Guest
Ray and Ian with Martin Davies and Michael Hoare and Flash the dog

As a farmer’s wife Olive had a busy domestic schedule. She also kept chickens, took in lodgers and bed and breakfast. In this she received the help of Nellie Preest who lived in Bream with her husband. Their son John also worked on the farm for a while.

Olive selling Eggs
Dave and Nellie
Ken Wright
David, Ken and Ray making Silage

Ken died in 1986 and his eldest son David then took on the tenancy. Dave’s sister Susan and her husband David Morris lived and worked on the farm between 1983 and 1987.

Sue and Dave
Sue with baby goats

Ray cutting silage
Dave, Ray and Steve Ruck (Ray’s son) in summer 1993
Sheep Shearing
Olive, Dave and Ray sheep shearing
Ray milking
Dave feeding the sheep

During the period from 1961 to 2003, the following people were also employed at Noxon; Trevor Vaughan, Ray Ruck, Mike Watts, Barry Isles, Gerald Haynes, Norman Sterry, Melvin Ruck, John Preest, Donald Johns, David James, Basil Beard, Gerald Gunter, Gordon Jones, Kevin Tye, Bill Grayson, Steve Ruck, Claire, Monty Gaulding.

The last days of the working farm after foot and mouth

Oakwood Valley and Noxon Park

The history of Noxon is about iron ore, coal, limestone, charcoal and timber as well as about agriculture.  Oakwood Valley which descends on the northeast boundary of the farm was rich in natural resources and at times in the past was a hive of industrial activity with people working in its mines and quarries, horses and carts, tram roads and steam engines. The remains of a small limestone quarry lie at the top of Oakwood Valley at the back of the farm.

Noxon Park shares a boundary with the modern Statutory Forest and was created out of the land which was assarted under licence in 1317 by Sir John de Wysham as described above. This may have encroached into land which was originally part of the Royal Demesne which later became the Statutory Forest.

Iron Ore

Noxon Park was rich in iron ore and evidence of its extraction in the form of extensive surface workings in the form of Scowles can be found in the woods at the back of the farm in Noxon Park which is now owned by the Forestry Commission. The Noxon scowles contain some of the most spectacular and best-preserved examples in the Forest of Dean. These consist of hollows, channels, rock faces and pillars, as well as underground workings. Recent studies have indicated that scowles are largely natural features, representing ancient cave systems in the Crease Limestone into which the deposition of iron minerals occurred. Nevertheless, there is evidence of significant modification during mining activity over many hundreds of years by the presence of pick marks, drill holes, and spoil heaps, as well as the volume of material which must have been extracted. Although direct evidence is scanty, some of the workings may date back to Iron Age or Roman times.

The mining of iron ore continued into the mediaeval age. Evidence of the bloomers used to smelt the ore can be seen by the remains of slag found in the soil in and around the farm. Royalties from mining were being paid to the Crown in the 13th century, and there were six small pits in the mid-1700s. The remains of coppices to produce timber for charcoal are also evident.

Mining of ore continued into the nineteenth century with free miners working the outcrop and digging small pits with such names as Scarr Pit, Ashe Pit, Wyche Wylder’s Pit, Lady’s Pit, Brown’s Pit, Little Pit, Knock Pit, Lord’s Pit, Nock Pit, Dog Kennell. Merry Way, Quab, Sackfield, New Work Pit and many more without names. The remains of these pits can still be seen in Noxon Park often as just holes in the ground or caves sometimes leading to more extensive workings. Once the near-surface ore was worked out, mining was extended underground.

The Oakwood Levels

In the early nineteenth century, David Mushet opened the Oakwood Mill Land Level and the Oakwood Mill Deep Level which tunnelled deeper into the ore reserves under under Noxon Park. Mushet was granted the Oakwood Mill Land Level as lessee of a free miner, John Hawkins. An adit was driven 1650 ft to the crease limestone at 375 ft above sea level. Then a level was driven 1000 ft to the southeast and 3500 ft to the northwest. Mushet built a tram road to take the ore to Parkend and the remains of this can still be seen.

This led to a dispute between David Mushet and Lord Dunraven, the owner of Noxon Park, over who held the rights to the minerals under Noxon Park and to whom royalties should be paid. The dispute arose when Dunraven refused to allow Mushet to sink an air shaft in one of the fields on his land. Mushet claimed free mining rights as a free miner and took Dunraven to court. The dispute reumbled on with no resolution. However, Dunraven took at least one miners to court for theft for claiming  free mining rights in Noxon Park.

Gloucester Journal 17 August 1850

China Engine

The largest mine iron ore mine in the valley was China Engine with extensive underground workings and was in existence in 1835. In 1841 the Dean Forest Mining Commissioners awarded China Engine gale to William Montague of Gloucester and John James of Lydney as lessees of George Stephens, a free miner. The shaft was 189 feet deep and reached creased limestone at 235 feet above sea level. Levels were driven 1700 feet to the northwest and 2900 feet to the southwest. Another level, 375 feet above sea level was driven from Oakwood Mill Land Level and was about 4,300 feet long. There were extensive workings between the two levels and the mine used a steam engine to lift iron ore to the surface and pump out water from the mine.

The Oakwood Tramroad, a branch of the Severn & Wye Railway, was extended to China Engine Mine under a licence of 1855, giving direct rail access to Parkend Ironworks. In 1880 the mine was operated by the Forest Haematite Iron Ore Co.  It is estimated that at least 300,000 tons of ore were raised from the mine before it closed in about 1885. The site of the shaft has now been filled in and the ground cleared and levelled, and is now just a grassy area in woodland.

Nearby there was another large iron ore mine called the Princess Louise. The brick-lined shaft is still open and the remains of some building foundations and walls can also be seen nearby. In 1835 the mine started at a level called (New China) here by 1835 and then the Princess Louise shaft, 600 ft deep, was sunk to drain the ground to the dip of the ‘235 ft’ level in China Engine Mine. The Crease Limestone, the main host of the iron ore, was not reached., the mine closed in about 1885.

Credit: Ian Standing

Noxon Park Mine was said to have been 120 ft deep and was operated by the Great Western Iron Co. in 1880 when 7,028 tons of ore were produced. The total output from China Engine, New China Level and Oakwood Mill Land Level between 1841 and 1892 has been estimated by Sibly to be more than 300,000 tons. However, this does not include the amount of ore mined by working the outcrop and before 1841.

Deatils of some of the old mines in Oakwood Valley:

https://buddlepit.co.uk/mine-explorer/Database/MineDetails.html?id=ySRFDRKzfzlDRd-mcVZ3JQ==

Iron mining was dangerous work. On 20 February 1868 iron miner James Emanuel was working the night shift at China Engine with another man driving the heading and having charged a hole as usual and set fire to the fuse, the powder exploded but failed to bring away the piece of rock intended. James again charged the hole with powder and whilst in the act of withdrawing the wire (or pricker), the powder exploded and killed him. On 21 May 1892, 56-year-old George Kear was crushed by a stone at China Engine and died on his way to Gloucester Hospital.

The remains of a foundry dating from 1852 can still be seen. The foundry made nails and finally closed in 1916. At the bottom of Mill Hill, there is a large house which was once the Oakwood Inn, known locally as ‘The Mill’ and near the site of the  Oakwood Mill, a corn mill established in 1820.

Further down the valley are the ruins of the Bromley Furnace.  The Ebbw Vale Company, who had mines in the Oakwood Valley, including Princess Louise, started operating this furnace in 1856 and it ceased working ten to fifteen years later.

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the mining of coal using small levels by free miners took place in the valley and the remains of their mines still exist today.

At the end of the valley, there is the  extensive site of the Flour Mill Colliery, which was by far the largest industrial site in the Bream area. The chemical works, which produced chemicals and charcoal by heating wood in the absence of air, was built on the site just ahead around 1850 by George Skipp who manufactured various products including wood-pitch and wood-tar but closed in 1900. Further down the valley, there were chemical works. Nearby, are some of the buildings of the large Flour Mill colliery.

Flour Mill was first galed in 1843. Shaft sinking was in progress in 1866, and coal was being produced by 1874. In 1891 the Princess Royal Colliery Co. Ltd was formed to work both Princess Royal (Park Gutter) and Flour Mill. The combined output (with Princess Royal) was 600 tons of coal per day in 1906. An underground connection was made to Park Gutter in 1916, and coal ceased to be wound at Flour Mill in 1928. The mine closed in 1960, but the Flour Mill buildings still exist and are now used by a railway locomotive engineering business.

Details of the Bream Heritage walk which includes parts of Oakwood Valley:    https://bhwalk.uk/